A drum is a cylindrical container used for bulk cargo shipment. Drums can be made of steel, solid cartons (commonly called drum fibers ), or plastics, and are generally used for the transportation and storage of liquids and powders. Drums are often certified for the delivery of dangerous goods. Goods shipped must be matched with drum making required to comply with applicable regulations. Drums are also called barrels in general use.
Video Drum (container)
​​â € <â €
It is common to hear drums called barrels and two terms are used almost interchangeably. Many drums have a general nominal volume of 208 liters (55 gallons US, 46 gallons) and the nominal size is just under 880 millimeters (35 inches) in diameter just under 610 millimeters (24 inches) and is different by holding about thirteen gallons more than one barrels of crude oil. In the United States, 25-US-gallon drums (95 Â °, 21 Â ° c) are also commonly used and have the same height. This allows easy mixed pallet stacks. Barrels can be constructed of plastic, cardboard or laminated steel.
The two common drum sub-types are the top top open and the welded top (with a 51-millimeter (2 inch) NPS hole). The latter is almost universally called the "barrel" in preference for drum in the United States. They can not effectively dispose of or be powdered with goods, even though they may store them very well, so they are not used for such items, which are provided for transportation and storage of liquids. Plastic drums are manufactured using blow molding injection technology and have a separate lid (similar to a fiber drum) or a welded top with a molded hole. Metal drums are made with cold-rolled steel sheets, welded into a pipe length-like parts later forged on a stamping press into a drum body. A rolled layer is then made for the bottom of the drum, or bottom and top of both.
Some drums have thickened metal or plastic reinforcing rings, called "bells," in four places: top, bottom, and each one-third the path of each end ring. This simply strengthens them so they can be easily directed to their sides and rolled when filled with heavy materials, such as fluid. In the short to medium range, the drum can be rolled over and rolled on the bottom rim when held at an angle, balanced, and rotated with a two-handed upper hand which also supplies torque (rotational or rotational forces).
The open-top sub-type is sealed by a mechanical ring clamp (inward concave) that provides sufficient pressure to withstand much of the non-volatile fluid and creates an airtight seal against the gasket, as it provides inward and downward force when tightened by the normal three-key quarter-inch or ratchet wrenches. Tops exist with bung holes as above, and a hybrid drum with this lid can be used to transmit lots of non-volatile liquids as well as industrial powders. Many drums are used to transmit and store powder and liquid products, such as plastic beads for injection molding, extrusion, and refined industrial grade powders such as cleaners (eg, fertilizer, and aluminum powder). If used to transport dangerous goods across international borders, they may need to have UN certification. In general, the use of drums is limited to the bulk distribution of bulk products, which are then further processed or subdivided at the plant.
The metal drum has two openings with flanges (2 in NPS and Ã,¾ in NPS). After the drum is filled, spark plugs (bung) are screwed in flanges using pneumatic or hand-operated hand-held bancers (wrenches). To secure drum contents against theft and forgery during shipping, metal seals and other types such as metal-plastic laminates are used. These seals sit on flanges and wrinkled, using a crimping cap-seal drum, also called drum cap sealer. After the seal-stamp, plugs can be removed simply by breaking these seals. Pneumatic and hand-operated crimping cap-seal tools are available. Pneumatics is used in production lines for high production.
The fiber drum mentioned above will easily withstand 180-270 kilograms (400-600 pounds), and is usually coated internally with a plastic or urethane protective coating. They have a steel rim at the end, and it's strong enough that this is the only type of drum that is not reinforced in the middle third, but that's almost certainly because of the difficulty in creating the "vee" bone in the paper layer. which is essentially a spiral out of a single end suture.
Maps Drum (container)
International standard size
The 200 liters drum (known as the 55 gallon drum in the United States and the 44 gallon drum in England) is a cylindrical container with a nominal capacity of 200 liters (55 Â ° US or 44 gal). Appropriate capacity varies by manufacturer, destination, or other factors. The standard drum has an inner dimension of 572 millimeters (22.5 inches) and a height of 851 millimeters (33.5 inches). These dimensions produce a volume of about 218,681 cm 3 or 218,681 liters (57.8 gal AS; 48.1 gal?), But are generally filled to about 200 liters.
The outer dimensions of the 200-liter drum are usually 584 millimeters (23 in) in the top or bottom edges, 597 millimeters (23.5 in) in chines, and 876 millimeters (34.5 inches) in height. The exact dimensions are specified in ANSI MH2.
Drums are usually made of steel with ribbed outer walls to improve stiffness and for rolling. Cover can be welded or secured with head gasket and bolt ring. Drums can also be made of plastic or cardboard that is durable. They are generally used to transport oil, fuel, chemicals, and dry goods. Construction and performance of drums used for the delivery of hazardous substances is governed by UN, state, and operator regulations.
Drums are often transported on pallets for ease of handling by fork trucks and for delivery. The size of the drum, shape, and distribution of weight is suitable for easy removal on the loading dock or the factory floor with a two-wheeled hand truck. They can be turned on and overthrown. They can also be moved by short-handed hands on the surface of the company by tilting and then rolling along the base, or by using drum handlers, designed specifically for that purpose.
Henry Wehrhahn, an employee of the Nellie Bly Iron Manufacturing Company in New York, received two patents in December 1905 that would lead to a modern 55-gallon steel barrel. The use of 200 liters drums became widespread in World War II, the first war in which trucks, cold rolled steel, stamp engines or wrought patterns and welding are widely available. They were first developed by the power of Poros (Germany and Italy), but were quickly adopted by the Allies. Drums helped win the Guadalcanal Campaign in the first US attack on the South Pacific Theater. The US Navy could not maintain a long enough sea command to unload air-to-ground gasoline, so drums were often transported to the island by speedboats, such as destroyers, and pushed sideways (or, time allowed, lowered in cargo net). Because gasoline density is much less than water, drums float. Navy Seabees on a small plane hook drums.
The steel barrels cap and drums used for the delivery of chemicals and petroleum products have a standard bunghole arrangement, with one 51-millimeter (2Ã, in) (DN50) NPT and one 19-millimeter ( 3 / 4 in) (DN20) NPT threaded bunghole on the opposite side of the top head. This arrangement is echoed in many plastic drums of the same size. Various components can be attached to the drum, such as drum pumps and mixer bung.
In the past, hazardous wastes were often placed in drums of this size and kept in an open field or buried. Over time, some drums will corrode and leak. As a result, these drums have become icons of pollution problems, although they have many uses and everywhere in the trade. Drums are often cleaned or re-conditioned and then used for storing or sending various liquids or materials.
Drums are often reused for many purposes including as barricades to protect construction workers from incoming traffic, and perhaps most notably as musical instruments.
Although crude oil is sometimes shipped in a 55-US-gallon drum, the measurement of oil in casks is based on an 1870s whiskey barrel measuring 42 gallons (35  ° imp-gal; 159Ã, · L). The size of 42 gallons US or wine, according to the wine tierce (third pipe). A wine barrel, or 1/8 tun, measures 31.5 gallons US (26.2  ± gal; 119.2 L).
See also
- Rescue drum
- Medium bulk container, for transporting liquids in larger volumes
References
Further reading
- Test performance of selected plastic drums, National Research Council Canada, February 2005. TP 14396E, Transport Canada
- Test the decrease in selected steel drums, InNOVAcorp, 2003. TP 14093E, Transport Canada
- Soroka, W, "The Basics of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, ISBNÃ, 1-930268-25-4
- Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & amp; Children, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
- European Steel Industry Organization: http://www.sefa.be
- Hardwicke, Robert E. 1958. The Oilman Barrel. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. OCLC 541956.
- Shagena, Jack L. 2006. The History of Barrels in America. Bel Air, MD: Jack L. Shagena. ISBN: 978-0977686605.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments