Hyperpigmentation

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Hyperpigmentation is a darkening of the skin or nail area caused by an increase in melanin.

Video Hyperpigmentation

Cause

Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage, inflammation, or other skin injuries, including those associated with acne vulgaris. People with darker skin tones are more susceptible to hyperpigmentation, especially with excessive sun exposure.

Many forms of hyperpigmentation are caused by excessive melanin production. Hyperpigmentation can be diffuse or focal, affecting areas such as the face and back of the hand. Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the lower layers of the epidermis. Melanin is a class of pigments responsible for producing color in the body in places such as eyes, skin, and hair. As the body ages, the distribution of melanocytes becomes less spread and the regulation is less controlled by the body. UV light stimulates the activity of melanocytes, and where cell concentrations are larger, hyperpigmentation occurs. Another form of hyperpigmentation is inflammatory hyperpigmentation. These are the dark and discolored spots that appear on the skin after the acne has healed.

Hyperpigmentation is associated with a number of illnesses or conditions, including the following: Addison's disease and other sources of adrenal insufficiency, in which hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis, such as melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), often increase.

Cushing's disease or the production of other excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), since the production of MSH is a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from proopiomelanocortin (POMC).

Acanthosis nigricans - hyperpigmentation of the intertriginous area associated with insulin resistance.

Melasma, also known as chloasma - hyperpigmentation patchwork

Acne scarring from post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

Linea nigra - a hyperpigmented line found in the abdomen during pregnancy.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome - an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperpigmented macules of the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal polyps.

Exposure to certain chemicals such as salicylic acid, bleomycin, and cisplatin.

Smoker melanosis

celiac disease

Cronkite-Canada Syndrome

Porphyria

Tinea fungus infection like ringworm

Haemochromatosis - a common but debilitating genetic disorder characterized by chronic iron accumulation in the body.

Mercury poisoning - especially cases of skin exposure resulting from topical application of agile ointment or skin lightening cream.

Lack of aromatase

Nelson's Syndrome

Grave's Disease

As a result of tinea cruris.

Hyperpigmentation can sometimes be induced by dermatological laser procedures.

Maps Hyperpigmentation

Diagnosis

• Physical examination includes, checking wood lamps and detailed history, usually sufficient for diagnosis.
• Skin examination.
• View your medical history.

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Treatment

There are various kinds of depigmentation treatments used for hyperpigmentation conditions, and responses to most variables.

Most frequently the treatment of hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction (such as melasma, acne scarring, liver spots) includes the use of topical depigmentation agents, which vary in their efficacy and safety, as well as in prescription rules. Some recipes are only in the US, especially in high doses, such as hydroquinone, azelaic acid, and koijic acid. Some are available without a prescription, such as niacinamide, or cysteamine hydrochloride. Hydroquinone is the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before long-term safety concerns are raised, and their use becomes more regulated in some countries and not generally recommended by WHO. For the US only 2% are currently sold over-the-counter, and 4% require recipes. In the EU hydroquinone banned from cosmetic applications. Treatments that do not involve topical agents are also available, including laser fractions and dermabrasion.

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See also

• Hypopigmentation
• List of skin conditions

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References

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External links

Source of the article : Wikipedia