Zellige ( Arabic: Ã, [z'li?] ; Arab: < span lang = "ar" dir = "rtl"> ?????? ?; also zelige or zellij ) is a mosaic tilework created from geometric individually carved tiles into a cast base. This form of Islamic art is one of the main features of Moroccan architecture. It consists of a patterned geometric mosaic, used for wall ornaments, ceilings, fountains, floors, ponds and tables.
Video Zellige
Histori
The Moorish art of zellige flourished during the Hispano-Moresque period (Azulejo) of the Maghreb and the area known as Al-Andalus (modern Spain) between 711-1492. This technique was greatly developed during the Nasrid dynasty and the Merinid dynasty which gave it more importance around the 14th century and introduced the colors blue, green and yellow. Red was added in the 17th century. The old enamel with natural colors was used until the early 20th century and the colors may not have developed much since the Merinids period. The cities of Fes and Meknes in Morocco, remain the center of this art.
Patrons of art use zellige historically to decorate their homes as a statement of luxury and sophistication of the population. Zellige is usually a series of patterns that utilize colorful geometric patterns. This expression framework arises from the need of Islamic artists to create spatial decorations that avoid the depiction of living things, consistent with the teachings of Islamic law.
Maps Zellige
Clay for Zellige
Fez and Meknes in Morocco are still the production centers for zellige tiles due to Mizena Fez's gray clay. The clay of this region consists mainly of Kaolinite. For Fez and Meknes, the clay composition is 2-56% clay minerals, calcite 3-29%. The El Ouahabi cannon states that:
From other sites (Meknes, Fes, SalÃÆ' © and Safi), clay mineral composition shows in addition to the kaolinite of illit, chlorite, smectite and traces of the illite/chlorite mixture (Fig. 3). Meknes clay belongs to illitic clay, marked with illite (54 - 61%), kaolinite (11 - 43%), smectite (8 - 12%) and chlorite (6 - 19%) (Figure 3). Clay faces have a homogeneous composition (Figure 3) with illite (40 - 48%). and kaolinite (18-28%) as the most abundant clay minerals. Chlorite (12 - 15%) and smectite (9-12%) are generally present in small quantities. The illite/chlorite blend layers are present in small amounts in all of the Fes clay materials examined.
Forms and trends
As the color palette of the zellige tiles increases over the centuries, it becomes possible to multiply the composition of adin infinitum . The most recent form of zellige is the square. Another form is possible: the octagon is combined with cabochon, star, cross, etc. Then printed with a thickness of about 2 centimeters. There is a simple 10 x 10 cm squared or with cut corners to be combined with a colored cabochon. To smooth an area, bejmat, paving stones 15 times 5 centimeters approximately and 2 cm thick, can also be used.
"An encyclopedia can not contain the full array of complex patterns, often individually varying and individually shaped, hand-cut tesserae, or furmah, found in zillij work The star-based patterns are identified by their number of points - 'itnashari for 12 , 'ishrini for 20, arba' wa 'ishrini for 24 years, and so on, but they do not need to be properly mentioned, called khamsini, for 50 points, and mi'ini, for 100, actually consists of 48 and 96 points respectively because there are geometries that the number of points of each star in this order can be divided by six. (There is also a sequence based on five and eight.) In a single star pattern, variations abound - by mixed colors, furmah size, and the complexity and size of elements which cross each other like binders, braids, or "lanterns." And then there are all non-star patterns - bee nests, nets, steps and shoulders, and chess boards. The zillij interlocking pattern of Alhambra is reported as a source of i nspiration for the tessellations of the modern Dutch artist M.C. Escher. "
Themes often use the Kufic script, because it matches the geometry of the mosaic tiles, and the pattern often culminates centered in Rub El Hizbut Tahrir. The tessellations in mosaics are currently of interest in academic research in mathematical art.
These studies require expertise not only in the fields of mathematics, art and art history, but also computer science, computer modeling and software engineering, all used for the Hassan II Mosque.
Decorations and works of Islamic art have a significant influence on Western art when Venetian merchants carry goods of various types back to Italy from the 14th century onwards.
Work Zellige
The making of Zellige is considered an art of its own. This art is transmitted from generation to generation by maÃÆ' à ¢ lems (expert craftsmen). Long training begins as a child to instill the required skills.
Deep attention to detail is required when creating a zellige. Small shapes (cut in accordance with precise radius gauges), painted and enameled pieces are then assembled in geometric structures such as in a puzzle to form a completed mosaic. The process does not vary for a millennium, although conception and design have begun to use new technologies such as data processing.
See also
- Azulejo
- Girih Tile
- Islamic Architecture
- Math and art
- M. C. Escher
- Moorish Architecture
- Qashani
- Tadelakt
References and notes
- Some of the content of this article is from an equivalent French-language Wikipedia article, accessed January 3, 2007.
- Moroccan Ceramics and Geography of Created Traditions , Journal articles by James E. Housefield; Geographical Review, Vol. 86, 1997
- The Unity Elements in Islamic Art As Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran , By Fayeq S Oweis
- Collaboration of engineering research and the art of sprouting from seed grants , By Scott McRae, Reports of Concordia Thursday, Vol. 29, No.1, 9 September 2004
- Technical Glossary , Islamic Art Network, Yayasan Thesarus Islamicus, Islamic Art Network 21 Misr Helwan al-Ziraa'i St., 9th Floor, Al-Ma'adi, Cairo, Egypt
External links
- Moroccan Court at the Metropolitan Museum in New York
- Zellige is a typically Moroccan type of art
- Mosaic handmade mosaic image and mosaic
- Moroccan mosaic: Art of Zillij (Zellige)
- A video of how zellige was created
Source of the article : Wikipedia