A detergent is a surfactant or surfactant mixture with a cleaning properties in aqueous solution. This substance is usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds similar to soap but more soluble in hard water, because polar sulfonates (from detergents) are less likely than polar carboxylates (from soap) to bind calcium and other ions found. in hard water.
In most domestic contexts, the term "detergent" itself refers specifically to detergent detergents or plate detergents, compared with hand soap > i> or other type of cleaning agent. Detergent is usually available as a powder or a concentrated solution. Detergents, like soap, work because they are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual properties facilitate a mixture of hydrophobic compounds (such as oils and fats) with water. Because the air is not hydrophilic, the detergent is also a foaming substance of varying degrees.
Video Detergent
Chemical classification of detergent
Detergents are classified into three major groups, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactant.
anionic detergent
A typical anionic detergent is an alkylbenzene sulphonate. The alkylbenzene moiety of the anion is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. The former are largely removed in economically advanced societies because they are less biodegradable. An estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergent are produced annually for the domestic market.
Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver to help digest and absorb fats and oils.
cationic detergent
A cationic detergent similar to an anionic one, with a hydrophilic component, but rather than an anionic sulphonate group, the cationic surfactant has an ammonium quartener as the polar end. The ammonium sulfate center is positively charged.
Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents
Non-ionic detergents are characterized by uncharged hydrophilic headgroups. A typical non-ionic detergent is based on polyoxyethylene or glycosides. Common examples of the first include Tween, Triton, and Brij series. These ingredients are also known as ethoxylates or PEGlyates and their metabolites, nonylphenol. Glycosides have sugar as an uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include octyl thioglucoside and maltoside. Similar HEGA and MEGA series detergents, having alcohol sugars as headgroup.
Zwitterionic detergents have zero zero charges arising from the same amount of 1 and -1 chemical groups being charged. Examples include CHAPS.
See surfactants for other apps.
Maps Detergent
History
In World War I, there was a shortage of oil. Synthetic detergents were first made in Germany.
The main application of detergent
Household cleaning
One of the biggest detergent applications is household cleaning including washing dishes and washing clothes. The formulation is complex, reflecting the demands of highly diverse applications and highly competitive consumer markets.
Fuel additives
Both the carburetor and fuel injector components of the Otto engine benefit from detergents in the fuel to prevent fouling. The concentration is about 300 ppm. Typical detergents are long chain amines and amides such as polyisobutenaamine and polyisobutenaamide/succinimide.
Biological reagents
Detergent grade reagents are used for the isolation and purification of integral membrane proteins found in biological cells. Solubilization of cell membrane bilayers requires detergents that can enter the inner membrane monolayer. Advances in the purity and sophistication of detergents have facilitated the structural and biophysical characterization of important membrane proteins such as ion channels as well as interfering membranes by binding to lipopolysaccharides, transporters, signaling receptors, and photosystem II.
See also
- Soap
- clean detergent
- Dishwasher liquor
- Dispersant
- Green cleaning
- Hard surface cleaners
- Laundry detergent
- List of cleaning products
- Triton X-100
References
External links
- About.com: How to Detergent Clean
- Campbell's tip for chemical detergents, surfactants, and history related to washing clothes, methods of destruction and soil.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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