Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard surface, usually flat by cutting the grooves into it. The result may be objects decorated in themselves, such as when silver, gold, steel, or glass is etched, or may provide intaglio, copper or other metal plates to print images on paper as prints or illustrations; these images are also called engraving . Wooden engraving is a form of relief printing and is not covered in this article.
Engraving is an important historical method for producing images on paper in graphic art, in map making, as well as for commercial reproduction and illustrations for books and magazines. It has long been replaced by various photographic processes in its commercial applications and, partly because of the difficulty of learning techniques, is much less common in the field of graphic arts, where most have been replaced by etching and other techniques.
Traditional carvings, with the burin or with the use of machines, continue to be practiced by goldsmiths, glass engravers, thieves and others, while modern industrial techniques such as photo shoots and laser engraving have many important applications. Engraved gems are an important art in the ancient world, revived in Renaissance times, although the term traditionally includes reliefs and intaglio carvings, and is essentially a branch of sculpture rather than engraving, since practice is the usual tool.
Video Engraving
Requirements
Other terms often used for printing are copper engraving , engraving copper plates or engraving lines . Steel engraving is the same technique, in steel or steel plates, and is mostly used for paper money, illustrations for books, magazines and reproduction prints, letterheads and similar uses from about 1790 until the early 20th century, when technique became less popular. , except for banknotes and other forms of security printing. Especially in the past, "carvings" are often used very loosely to cover some graphical manufacturing techniques, so many so-called carvings are actually produced by very different techniques, such as etching or mezzotint. "Hand carving" is a term sometimes used for engraving objects other than plates, to write or decorate jewelry, firearms, trophies, knives and other fine metal items. Traditional engravings in graphic arts are also "hand-carved", using the same technique to create lines on a plate.
Maps Engraving
Process
Each craftsman is different and has its own utility. Engravers use a hardened steel tool called a burin, or engraver, to cut the design to the surface, most traditionally a copper plate. However, modern hand-carving artists use burin or gravers to cut various metals such as silver, nickel, steel, brass, gold, titanium, and more, in applications from armaments to jewelry, motorcycles, to found objects. Modern professional sculptors can engrave with resolutions of up to 40 lines per mm in high-class jobs creating game scenes and scrolls. Dies used in the mass production of mold parts are sometimes hand carved to add a special touch or specific information such as part numbers.
In addition to hand carving, there are engraving machines that require less human prowess and are not directly controlled by hand. They are usually used for writing, using a pantographic system. There is a version for the inside of the ring and also the outer part of the larger piece. Such machines are usually used for inscriptions on rings, booths, and presentation sheets.
Tools and gravers or burin
Gravers come in different shapes and sizes that produce different line types. Burin produces a unique and recognizable line quality that is characterized by its steady, deliberate appearance and clean edges. The color angle tool has a slightly curved tip commonly used in graphic arts. The Florentine liner is a flat-bottomed tool with several lines incised into it, used to fill the work on a larger area or to create a uniform color line that is fast to be executed. Ring gravers are made with a special shape used by a jewelry engraver to cut the inscription inside the ring. Flat diggers are used to fill jobs on letters, as well as cut "stretched" on most work carvings, erase backgrounds, or make bright cuts. The gravers knife is for carving lines and very deep cuts. Spherical craftsmen, and flat sculptures with fingers, are commonly used in silver for making bright pieces (also called light cut engraving ), as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. Square or V-point gravers are usually square or diamond-shaped elongated and used to cut straight lines. The V-point can be anywhere from 60 to 130 degrees, depending on the purpose and effect. These craftsmen have very small cut points. Other tools like rocker mezzotint, roulette and burnisher are used for texturing effects. Combustion appliances can also be used for specific stone-setting techniques.
Musical instruments on American-made brass instruments flourished in the 1920s and used a special engraving technique in which a flat engraver "walked" on the surface of the instrument to create zigzag lines and patterns. The method for "walking" the engraver can also be referred to as "stretched" or "stretched" wounds. This technique is necessary because of the thinness of metal used to make musical instruments compared to firearms or jewelry. Cutting cuts are commonly found in Western silver jewelry and other Western metalworks.
Device geometry
Geometry tools are essential for accuracy in hand carving. When sharpened for most applications, an engraver has a "face", which is the top of the engraver, and the "heel", which is the basis of the engraver; not all tools or applications require heels. These two surfaces meet to form a point that cuts the metal. Geometry and heel length help guide the engraver smoothly while cutting off metal surfaces. When a tool or chip chisel point, even at a microscopic level, the craftsman can become difficult to control and produce unexpected results. Modern innovations have brought a new type of carbide that withstands chipping and damage, which holds a very sharp point longer between resharpening than traditional metal tools.
Sharpening tools
Sharpening the engraver or the burin requires grindstones or wheels. The harder carbide and steel craftsmen need diamond-grade wheels; These gravers can be polished to a finished mirror using ceramic or cast iron, which is important in creating light pieces. Some low-speed and reversible speed systems tailor-made for hand carvers are available that reduce the sharpening time. Equipment that secures tools in place at certain angles and geometries is also available to take guesses from sharpening to generate accurate points. Very few master engravers exist today who rely solely on "taste" and muscle memory to sharpen the tool. These major engravers usually work for years as apprentices, most often learning decades of engineering before modern machines are available for hand carvers. These engravers are usually trained in countries such as Italy and Belgium, where hand carving has a rich and long master's legacy.
Artwork Design
Designs or artwork are generally prepared beforehand, although some professional and highly experienced hand carvers are able to draw a minimal outline either on paper or directly on metal surfaces just prior to engraving. The work to be carved can be lightly on the surface with sharp points, marked lasers, drawn with a good permanent marker (released with acetone) or pencil, transferred using various chemicals together with inkjet or laser prints, or spun. Carving artists can rely on hand drawing skills, design and copyright-free images, computer-generated artwork, or common design elements when making artwork.
Handpieces
Initially, handpieces vary in design because the common usage is to push with the handle firmly placed in the middle of the palm. With modern pneumatic carving systems, handpieces are designed and manufactured in various shapes and power ranges. Handpieces are made using various methods and materials. The knob can be made of wood, molded and fabricated from plastics, or machines made of brass, steel, or other metals. The most widely known hand-carving tool maker, GRS Tools in Kansas is an American owned and run company that manufactures handpieces as well as many other tools for various applications in metal engraving.
Cut surface
Engraving is actually traditionally done with a combination of pressure and manipulation of workpieces. Traditional "push-hand" processes are still practiced today, but modern technology has brought various mechanical aided engraving systems. Most pneumatic chisel systems require an air source that drives air through the hose to the handpiece, which resembles traditional carving handles in many cases, which drive the mechanism (usually a piston). Air is driven by a foot control (such as a gas pedal or a sewing machine) or a newer hand/hand control. This mechanism replaces the "push-hand" or hammer effect. Internal mechanisms move at speeds up to 15,000 steps per minute, thus greatly reducing the effort required in traditional hand carvings. This type of pneumatic system is only used for power assistance and does not guide or control the carving artist. One of the main benefits of using a hand-carved pneumatic system is the reduction in fatigue and decreased time spent working.
The hand-carved artists today use a combination of hand-pushing, pneumatic, swivel, or hammer and chisel methods. Pushing the hand is still often used by modern hand-carved artists who create "bulino" work style, which is very detailed and smooth, good work; most, if not all, traditional print makers today rely solely on hand-pushing methods. The pneumatic system greatly reduces the effort required to remove large quantities of metals, such as in deep relief carvings or Western lightweight techniques.
Completed
Completing work is often necessary when working on metal that may be rusty or where a color finish is desired, such as a firearm. A variety of spray lacquer and finishing techniques exist to seal and protect the work from exposure to elements and time. Finishing may also include light surface sanding to remove tiny pieces of metal called "burrs" that are very sharp and unsightly. Some engravers prefer high contrast to the work or design, using paint or black ink to darken exposed (and lesser) exposed metal areas. Paint or excess ink is removed and allowed to dry before rejuvenation or sealing, which may or may not be desired by the artist.
Modern hand engraving
Due to the high level of microscopic detail that can be achieved by the main engraver, carved design falsification is almost impossible, and modern banknotes are almost always etched, such as plates to print money, checks, bonds, and other security sensitive. document. The carving is so fine that ordinary printers can not re-create carved hand-carved details, nor can they be scanned. At the US Printing and Printing Bureau, more than one hand carvers will work on the same plate, making it almost impossible for one person to duplicate all the carvings on a particular banknote or document.
The modern hand carving discipline, as it is called in the context of metalworking, persisted largely in some specialized fields. The highest level of art is found in firearms and other metal weaponry, jewelry, and musical instruments.
In most of today's commercial markets, hand carving has been replaced by grinding using CNC engraving or milling machines. However, there are certain applications where the use of hand carving tools can not be replaced.
Engraving machine
In some instances, drawings or designs can be transferred to metal surfaces through a mechanical process. One such process is roll stamping or roller-die engraving. In this process, a hardened die image is pressed against the surface of the goal using extreme pressure to embed the image. In the 1800s, gun cylinders were often decorated through this process to provide a continuous scene around its surface.
Computer-aided machine engraving
Engraving machines like K500 (packaging) or K6 (publications) by Hell Gravure Systems use a diamond stylus to cut the cell. Each cell creates a single point of printing later in the process. K6 can have up to 18 head carvings each cutting 8,000 cells per second to an accuracy of 0.1 Ã,Âμm and below. They are fully controlled by the computer and the whole process of making cylinders is fully automated.
Now a public place for retail stores (mostly jewelry, silver or gift shops) to have a small computer controlled carve on the site. This allows them to personalize the products they sell. Retail engraving machines tend to be focused around operator ease of use and ability to perform a wide range of goods including flat metal plates, jewelry of various shapes and sizes, as well as cylindrical items such as mugs and tankards. They will usually be equipped with a computer dedicated to graphic design that will allow the operator to easily design text or graphical images that the software will translate into digital signals telling the engraver what to do. Unlike industrial engraver, the retail machine is smaller and uses only one diamond head. These can be interchanged so that operators can use diamonds of different shapes for different finishing effects. They will usually be able to perform a variety of metals and plastics. Glass and crystal carvings are possible, but the brittle nature of the material makes the process more time consuming.
The retailer mainly uses two different processes. The first and most common 'Pull Diamonds' push the diamond cutter through the material surface and then pull it to create scratches. This direction and depth is controlled by computer input. The second is 'Spindle Cutter'. This is similar to Diamond Drag, but the carved head is formed in flat V, with a small and basic diamond. The machine uses the electronic spindle to quickly rotate the head while pushing it into the material, then pulling it over as long as it continues to rotate. This creates a bolder impression than drag diamond. This is mainly used for brass plaque and pet tags.
With a sophisticated machine, it's easy to have a simple single item complete in less than ten minutes. The process of engraving with diamonds is art-sophisticated since the 1960s.
Currently the laser engraving machine is under development but mechanical cutting has proven its strength in terms and economical quality. More than 4,000 engravers make approximately. 8 Mio cylinder printing worldwide per year.
History
For the printing process, see intaglio (graphic art). For the history of Western art carved prints, see the master print and engraving the old line
The first evidence for human carving patterns is the chisel shell, which is between 540,000 and 430,000 years old, from Trinil, in Java, Indonesia, where Homo erectus was first discovered. The hatch tethered to the ostrich egg shell used as a water container found in South Africa at Diepkloof Rock Shelter and dated to the Middle Stone Age of about 60,000 BC is the next documented human engraving case. Engraving on bones and ivory is an important technique for Young Paleolithic Art, and the larger engraved petroglyphs on rock are found from many prehistoric and cultural periods around the world.
In ancient times, the only engraving on metal that could be done was a shallow groove found in some jewelry after the beginning of the first millennium B.C. The majority of so-called designs engraved on ancient gold rings or other items are produced by chasing or sometimes the combination of casting and chasing the lost wax. Engraved gems are designations for semi-precious stones carved or carved; this is an important small-scale art form in the ancient world, and remained popular until the 19th century.
But the use of glass carvings, usually using wheels, to cut scenes or decorative images into glass vessels, imitating hard rock carvings, appeared in the early first century, continuing through the fourth century in urban centers such as Cologne and Rome; seems to have ceased in the 5th century. The decor was first based on Greek mythology, before hunting and the circus scene became popular, as well as images taken from the Old and New Testaments. It appears to have been used to mimic the appearance of precious metal goods during the same period, including the application of gold leaf, and can be cut free hands or by a lathe. Twenty separate stylistic workshops have been identified, and it appears that the craftsmen and shipmakers are separate craftsmen.
In the 16th century, goldsmiths from Europe used carvings to decorate and write metal. It is thought that they started printing the impression of their design to record it. From this grown copper engraving engraved to produce artistic images on paper, known as an old master print, in Germany in the 1430s. Italy soon followed. Many of the earliest engravers came from a goldsmith's background. The first and largest periods of engraving are from about 1470 to 1530, with gentries such as Martin Schongauer, Albrecht DÃÆ'¼rer, and Lucas van Leiden.
After that the carvings tend to lose ground for etching, which is a much easier technique for the artist to learn. But many prints incorporate two techniques: although Rembrandt prints are generally called etchings for convenience, many of them have some burin or drypoint work, and some have no others. In the nineteenth century, most of the carvings were for commercial illustrations.
Prior to the advent of photography, carvings were used to reproduce other art forms, such as paintings. Engraving continues to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, as it is cheaper to use in printing than photographic images.
Many classic stamps are carved, although the practice is now largely confined to certain countries, or used when more elegant designs are desired and limited color ranges are acceptable.
Engraving is also always used as a method of original artistic expression. Modifying the engraving on coins is a craft dating from the 18th century and modified coins are now known as colloquial as hobo bars. In the United States, especially during the Great Depression, coin carving on nickel-headed Indian Head nickel became a way to help meet the needs. The craft continues today, and with modern equipment often produces stunning miniuture sculptures and flower scrolls.
Renaissance in hand carving
During the mid-1900s, a revival in hand-carving began to take place. With the discovery of a pneumatic handheld system that helps hand sculptors, art and hand carving techniques become more accessible. In the past years, carving is a very secret art in which the masters will be careful and rarely choose participants to continue trading. Even until the 1970s, many carvers were reluctant to share trade secrets and keep strictly guarded methods.
Music Engraving
The first music printed from engraved plates came from 1446 and most of the printed music was produced through carvings from about 1700-1860. From 1860-1990 the most printed music was produced through a combination of engraved master plate that was reproduced through offset lithography.
In music printing, engraving is an intaglio technique. The first comprehensive account was provided by Mme Delusse in his article "Gravure en lettres, en gÃÆ' Â © ographie et en musique" in Diderot's Encyclopedia. The technique involves a five pointed raster to assess staff lines, various punches in the form of standard musical notes and symbols, and a variety of burins and scorers for lines and slurs. For correction, the plate is held on the bench by the callipers, hit with dot punch on the opposite side, and rubbed to remove any signs of a broken job. This process involves intensive pre-layout planning, and much of the value of manuscripts with marks of engraving designs that survived from the 18th and 19th centuries.
By 1837 tin had replaced copper as a medium, and Berthiaud gave an account with an entire chapter devoted to music ( Novel manuel complet de l'imprimeur en taille douce , 1837). Printing of such plates requires separate inks to be cool, and the press uses less pressure. Generally, four pages of music are engraved on one plate. Since the carvings of the carvings of trained carpets for years of internship, very little is known about this exercise. Less than a dozen sets of survivors in libraries and museums. In 1900 musical carvers was established in several hundred cities in the world, but the art of storing plates is usually centered on publishers. The massive bombing of Leipzig in 1944, home to most German carvings and printing companies, destroyed about half the world's engraved music plates.
Applications today
Examples of contemporary uses for engraving include making text on jewelry, such as pendants or inside engagements - and wedding rings to include text like a partner's name, or adding a winner's name to a sports trophy. Other applications of modern carvings are found in the printing industry. There, every day thousands of pages are carved mechanically into a rotogravure cylinder, usually a steel base with a copper layer of about 0.1 mm in which the image is transferred. After engraving, the image is protected with a chrome layer of about 6 Âμm. Using this process, the image will last for over a million copies in high speed printing presses. Engraving machines such as GUN BOW (one of the leading engraving brands) are the best examples of hand carving tools, although this type of machine is not normally used for fine hand carvings. Several schools around the world are renowned for their engraving teaching, such as Estienne in Paris.
Create a tone
In traditional carvings, which are pure linear mediums, half-tone impressions are created by making many very thin parallel lines, a technique called hatching. When two parallel-line sets hatch intersect each other for higher density, the resulting pattern is known as cross-hatching . Patterns of points are also used in a technique called stippling, first used around 1505 by Giulio Campagnola. Claude Mellan was one of many 17th-century engravers with highly developed techniques using parallel lines of varying thickness (known as "swelling lines") to give a subtle tone effect (like Goltzius) - see picture below. One famous example is his Sudarium of Saint Veronica (1649), a carved Jesus face made of a spiral line that begins at the tip of Jesus' nose.
Biblical references
The earliest figures for engraving in the Bible may be references to Judah's seal ring (Gen. 38:18), followed by (Exodus 39.30). Engraving is usually done with pointed iron tools or even with diamond dots. (Jeremiah 17: 1).
Each of the two onion stones on the shoulders-a high-priest ephod piece is carved with the names of six distinct Israeli tribes, and each of the 12 precious stones dotting the chest is carved in the name of one of the tribes. The holy sign of dedication, the golden plaque shining on the turban of the high priest, is carved with the words: "The holiness of Adonai." Bezalel, along with Oholiab, is qualified to perform this special carving job and also to train others. - Ex 35: 30-35; 28: 9-12; 39: 6-14, 30.
Carrying the engraver
Print:
- Jacopo de 'Barbari (active 1500-1515)
- William Blake (1757-1827)
- Theodore de Bry (1528-1598)
- Giulio Campagnola (active c.1505-1515)
- Paul Gustave Dorà © (1832-1883)
- Albrecht Dürrer (1471-1528)
- Maso Finiguerra (1426-1464)
- Hendrick Goltzius (c.1558-1617)
- Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)
- William Hamlin (1772-1869)
- Stanley William Hayter (1901-1988)
- William Hogarth (1697-1764)
- Mauritius Lasansky (1914-2012)
- Lucas Leyden (1494-1533)
- Evan Lindquist (1936 -) Arkansas Artist Award Winner
- Andrea Mantegna (c.1431-1506)
- Master ES (active c.1450-1470)
- Israel van Meckenem (c.1445-1501)
- Claude Mellan (1598-1688)
- Matthäus Merian (1593-1650)
- Willem Panneels (c.1600-c.1634)
- Alardo de Popma, (1617-1641)
- Josà © Guadalupe Posada (1852-1913)
- Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720-1778)
- Paul Pontius (1603-1658)
- Jan Saenredam (1565-1607)
- Nikolaos Ventouras (1899-1990)
- Georg Matthäus Vischer (1628-1696)
- Lucas Vorsterman (1595-1675)
- Anthonie Wierix (1552-1624)
- Hieronymus Wierix (1553-1619)
Gems:
- Pyrgoteles, Alexander's sculptor
- Theodorus of Samos, Polycrates gems sculptor
Senjata:
- Malcolm Appleby
- Geoffroy Gournet
HF:
- Thomas Hugh Paget
- Leonard Charles WYON
- William WYON
From stamps:
- Czes? aw S? ania
- Leonard Charles Wyon
- William Wyon
Pin:
- Godfrey Lundberg (1879-1933)
See also
- Drypoint
- Laser engraving
- List of stationery topics
- Mezzotint
- Louis Daniel Nimschke
- Photogravure
- Toreutika
References
External links
- Prints & amp; People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibit catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), containing material about engraving
- Engraving from the Timeline of Art History Art History Museum
- Engravers Hive
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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