Street light , lamppost , lamppost , street light , light standard , or lamp standard is a light source that is raised on the curb or road. When urban power distribution became common in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for city streets were followed, or sometimes led. Many lights have light-sensitive photocells that are activated automatically when light is not needed: dusk, dawn, or the beginning of dark weather. This function in older lighting systems can be done with the help of a solar dial. Many streetlight systems are connected underground rather than wired from one utility post to another.
Video Street light
History
Pre-industrial era
The use of street lighting was first recorded in the city of Antioch from the 4th century. It was recorded in the Arabian Empire from the 9th to 10th centuries, especially in Cordoba. In the Middle Ages, the so-called "liaison boys" escorted people from one place to another through the winding winding streets of medieval towns.
Before the incandescent lamps, candle lights are used in cities. The earliest lamps required the lamps to lie around the city at dusk, lighting up each lamp. According to some sources, lighting was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton, the Mayor of London although there is no solid evidence on this subject.
In 1524, Paris homeowners were required to have lanterns with candles lit in front of their homes at night, but the law was often ignored. After the discovery of lanterns with glass windows, which greatly increased the quantity of light, in 1594 Paris police took over the installation of lanterns in every neighborhood of the city. However, in 1662, it was a common practice for travelers to hire lantern carriers if they had to move at night through the dark winding streets. Lantern bearers were still common in Paris until 1789. In 1667, under King Louis XIV, the royal government began installing lanterns on all roads. There are three thousand in place by 1669, and twice more by 1729. Lanterns with glass windows are hung from cables in the middle of the road at twenty feet high and placed twenty meters apart. A much better oil lantern, called rÃÆ' Â © verbÃÆ'¨re , was introduced between 1745 and 1749. These lights attached to the top of the lamp post; in 1817, there were 4694 lights on the streets of Paris. During the French Revolution (1789-1799), revolutionaries discovered that lampposts were a comfortable place to hang nobles and other opponents.
Gaslight lighting
The first public road lighting system used is coal gas as fuel. Stephen Hales was the first to obtain flammable liquids from actual coal distillation in 1726 and John Clayton, in 1735, called gas a "spirit" of coal and discovered his accidentally combustible ability.
William Murdoch (sometimes spelled "Murdock") was the first to use this gas for practical lighting applications. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engine in tin mining in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, eventually setting coal gas as the most effective. He first lit his own home in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to power the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 turned the exterior in a general display of gas lighting, a lamp that astonished the locals.
In Paris, gas lighting was first demonstrated in November 1800 at a private residence on rue Saint-Dominique, and installed in a covered shopping street, Passage des Panoramas, in 1817. The first gas lamps on the streets of Paris appeared in January 1829 at Place du Carrousel and rue de Rivoli, then on the rue de la Paix, where VendÃÆ'Â'me, rue de Castiglione; by 1857 Grands Boulevards all lit up with gas. A Paris writer in August 1857: "What most fascinates the Parisians is the new lighting with the gas of the boulevards... From the church of Madeleine all the way to rue Montmartre, these two rows of lights, shining with white and pure clarity, have a remarkable effect. "Gas lamps installed in boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname" City of Light. "
The first public street lighting with gas was shown at Pall Mall, London on January 28, 1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor. In 1812, Parliament gave the charter to London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, and the world's first gas company emerged. Less than two years later, on December 31, 1813, the Westminster Bridge was illuminated by gas.
Following this success, gas lighting is spreading to other countries. The use of gas lamps at Rembrandt Peale's Museum in Baltimore in 1816 was a huge success. Baltimore is the first American city with gas streetlights, supplied by Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore.
The first place outside London in England to have gas lamps, was Preston, Lancashire in 1816, because of the revolutionary Joseph Dunn Preston Gaslight Company, which found the best way to get gas illumination that brighter..
The oils emerge in the field as rivals of gas-coal guff. In 1815, John Taylor patented a tool for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention interested in "oil-gas" by the look of patent apparatus in Apothecary's Hall, by Taylor & amp; Martineau.
The first modern street lights that used kerosene were introduced in Lviv where it became the Imperial Empire in 1853. In Brest, the street lamps with kerosene lamps reappeared in 2009 on a shopping street as a tourist attraction.
Farola fernandina
Farola fernandina is a traditional gas street lamp design that remains popular in Spain. Basically it is the style of neo-classical French gas lamps dating from the late 18th century. This could be a standard wall bracket or lamp. Its standard base is a metal cast with a big name that has two letters 'F', Royal cipher King Ferdinand VII of Spain and commemorate the date of birth of his daughter, Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier.
Arc Light
The first electric street lighting using arc lamps, originally 'Electrical wax', 'Jablotchkoff candle' or 'Yablochkov candle' developed by Russia, Pavel Yablochkov, in 1875. It is a carbon-arc lamp using alternating current, which ensures that both electrodes are consumed at the same level. In 1876, the Los Angeles City general council ordered four bow lights installed in various places in the newly built city for street lighting.
On May 30, 1878, the first electric street lamp in Paris was installed at the avenue de l'Opera and the Place d'Etoile, around the Arc de Triomphe, to celebrate the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition. In 1881, coinciding with the Paris International Exposition of Electricity, streetlights were installed on the main boulevards.
The first streets in London illuminated with electric arc lamps were by Holborn Viaduct and Thames Embankment in 1878. More than 4,000 were used in 1881, although by that time the differential arc lamps that had been developed had been developed by Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck from Siemens & amp; Halske. The United States was quick in adopting arc lighting, and in 1890 more than 130,000 operated in the US, generally installed in very high light towers.
Bow lights have two major drawbacks. First, they emit a strong and violent light which, although useful in industrial locations such as shipyards, feels uncomfortable in ordinary city streets. Second, they need intensive care, because the carbon electrodes burn quickly. With the development of cheap, reliable and bright incandescent bulbs in the late 19th century, bow lights were not used anymore for street lighting, but remained in use in the industry longer.
Incandescent lighting
The first street lit by incandescent lights is Mosley Street, in Newcastle upon Tyne. The street was illuminated by the incandescent light of Joseph Swan on February 3, 1879. As a result, Newcastle was the first city in the world to be fully illuminated by lighting. The first street powered by modern electricity as we know it is Electric Avenue at London Brixton in 1880. The first city in the United States, and second overall after Newcastle (UK), is the Public Square street system in Cleveland, Ohio, on April 29 1879. Wabash, Indiana holds the title as the third electric bathed city in the world, which took place on February 2, 1880. Four 3,000 bow mouths The arc lamps hanging above the courthouse made the town square "quiet during the day.
Kimberley, South Africa, is the first city in the southern hemisphere and in Africa has electric streetlights - first lit on 1 September 1882. In Central America, San Jose, Costa Rica was the first city, the system was launched on August 9, 1884, with 25 lamp powered by hydroelectric power.
Thyme? Oara, in Romania today, is the first city on the Continent of Europe that has general electric lighting on November 12, 1884. 731 lights are used.
In 1886, the remote small mining town of Waratah in NW Tasmania was the first to have electrically powered street lighting in Australia. On December 9, 1882, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia was introduced to power by conducting demonstrations using eight bow lights, which were established along the Queen Street Mall. The power to supply this arc lamp is taken from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator driven by Robey steam engine at a small foundry on Adelaide Street and is occupied by JW Sutton and Co. The lights were set on standard cast iron, 20 feet tall. In 1888, Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia became the first location in New South Wales with electric street lighting, where the city mistakenly defended the title of "First City of Light".
Next development
Incandescent lamps are mainly used for street lighting until the emergence of high intensity discharge lamps. They are often operated on high voltage series circuits. The series circuit is popular because the higher voltages in this circuit produce more light per watt consumed. Furthermore, before the invention of the photoelectric control, a single switch or clock can control all the lights throughout the district.
To avoid the entire system becoming dark if one light is burned out, each streetlight is equipped with a device that ensures the circuit will remain intact. Early street lights are equipped with an isolation transformer. which will allow current to pass through the transformer whether the bulb works or not. Then the movie pieces are found. The film piece is a small insulating film disc separating the two contacts that are connected to two cables that lead to the lamp. If the lamp fails (open circuit), the current through the string becomes zero, causing the circuit voltage (thousands of volts) to be worn in the insulating film, pierce it (see Ohm's law). In this way, the lights are failed to pass and electricity is restored to all districts. The streetlight circuit contains an automatic current regulator, preventing current from rising when the light is burned out, keeping the lamp life remaining. When the lamp fails to be replaced, a new piece of film is installed, again separating the contacts on the piece. This system can be recognized by a large porcelain insulator that separates the lamp and reflector from the mounting arm. This is necessary because two contacts at the base of the lamp may have been operating at several thousand volts above the ground.
Maps Street light
Modern lights
Currently, street lighting generally uses high intensity discharge lamps. Low-pressure sodium lamps became commonplace after World War II for low power consumption and long life. At the end of the 20th century, HPS high pressure sodium lamps are preferred, taking on more of the same virtues. Such lights provide the most photopic lighting for the least electricity consumption. However, white light sources have been shown to double the vision of the peripheral propulsion and increase the brake reaction time of the driver at least 25%; to allow pedestrians to better detect hazards of pavement travel and to facilitate the visual judgment of others associated with interpersonal assessment. Studies comparing metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps have shown that at the same level of photopic light, street-lit scenery illuminated at night by a metal halide lighting system can be seen as brighter and safer than the same scene illuminated by a pressurized sodium system high.
Two national standards now allow for variations in lighting when using different spectrum lights. In Australia, the performance of the HPS lamp needs to be reduced by a minimum of 75%. In the UK, the illumination is reduced by a higher S/P ratio
New street lighting technologies, such as LED or induction lamps, emit white light that provides a high level of scotopic lumen that allows a lower wattage ramp and lower fotopic lumens to replace existing streetlights. However, no formal specifications are written around Photopic/Scotopic adjustments for different types of light sources, causing many municipalities and road departments to withstand the adoption of this new technology until standards are updated. Eastbourne in East Sussex UK is currently undergoing a project to see its 6000 streetlights converted to LEDs and will be followed by Hastings in early 2014.
Milan, Italy, was the first major city to completely switch to LED lighting.
In North America, the city of Mississauga (Canada) is one of the first and largest LED conversion projects with more than 46,000 lights converted into LED technology between 2012 and 2014. It is also one of the first cities in North America that uses Smart City technology to control lights. DimOnOff, a company based in Quebec City, was selected as Smart City's partner for the project.
Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires gain wider acceptance. Initial field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy efficient and perform well in a test environment.
In 2007, Civil Twilight Collective invented a conventional LED streetlight variant, the Lunar-resonance streetlamp. These lights increase or decrease the intensity of the street lights according to the moonlight. The design of this street light reduces energy consumption as well as light pollution.
Measurement
Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the function of photopychic and photopic luminous efficiency, creating an Integrated Photometry System. This new measurement has been well received because the dependence on V (?) To characterize night light lighting requires more electrical energy. The potential for cost savings uses a new way to measure exceptional mesopic lighting scenarios.
Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP) is a method for predicting and measuring three different aspects of light pollution: light, violation and glare. Using this method, lighting determiners can measure the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or protruding light that leaves the boundaries of a property.
Benefits
The main advantages of street lighting include accident prevention and increased security. Research has shown that darkness produces a large number of collisions and casualties, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian casualties are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in the daytime. A few decades ago when a car accident was much more common, street lighting was found to reduce pedestrian accidents by about 50%.
Furthermore, in the 1970s, bright intersections and road intersections tend to have fewer collisions than intangible junctions and intersections.
Cities, towns and villages use a unique location provided by lampposts to hang decorative or warning banners.
Many communities in the US use lampposts as a tool for fundraising through a banner sponsorship sponsor program first designed by US-based flagship lighting manufacturers.
Disadvantages
The main criticism of street lighting is that it can actually cause accidents if abused, and cause light pollution.
Health and safety
There are two optical phenomena that need to be recognized in a streetlight installation.
- Loss of night vision due to reflexes of driver's eye accommodation is the greatest danger. When drivers emerge from unlit areas of light into the pool of light from streetlights, their pupils quickly narrow to match the lighter light, but when they leave the pool of light, the widening of their pupils to adjust to the dim light is much slower, so they are driving with impaired vision. As we get older, the speed of eye recovery becomes slower, so the time and distance of driving under the impaired vision increases.
- The approaching headlights are more visible against the black background than the gray ones. Contrast creates greater awareness of the upcoming vehicle.
- The stray voltage is also a concern in many cities. A stray voltage can inadvertently paralyze a lamppost and potentially harm or kill anyone in contact with the post.
There is also a physical hazard to a streetlight pole other than children climbing it for recreational purposes. Street lights (light poles) pose a risk of collision for motorists and pedestrians, especially those who are exposed to poor vision or under the influence of alcohol. This can be reduced by designing them to escape when hit (support that can be changed or folded), protect it with a fence, or mark the bottom to increase its visibility. Strong winds or accumulated metal fatigue also occasionally overthrow streetlights.
Light pollution
In urban areas, light pollution can hide stars and disrupt the astronomy and migration of many species of birds. In settings near astronomical telescopes and observatories, low pressure sodium lamps can be used. These lamps are more advantageous than other lights such as mercury lamps and metal halide lamps because low pressure sodium lamps emit lower intensity, monochromatic light. Observatories can filter out the wavelength of sodium from their observations and virtually eliminate interference from nearby urban lighting. Full cutoff streetlights also reduce light pollution by reducing the amount of light directed to the sky which also increases the efficiency of glowing light.
Energy consumption
By 2017, globally 70% of all electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels, sources of air pollution and greenhouse gases, and globally there are about 300 million street lights using that electricity. Cities are exploring more efficient use of energy, reducing the power consumption of streetlights by dimming the lights during off-peak hours and switching to high-efficiency LED lights. The county county of England has shut down 5% of its streetlights for experimental grounds. The typical street lighting collector in New York State costs $ 6400/mil/year for high pressure sodium at 8.5 kW/mile or $ 4000 for light-emitting diode at 5.4 kW/mi.
Streetlight control system
A number of streetlight control systems have been developed to control and reduce the energy consumption of city public lighting systems. These range from controlling a series of street lamps and/or individual lights with specific reply and network operating protocols. This may include sending and receiving instructions over a separate data network, at high frequencies above low voltage or wireless supply.
The streetlight controller is a smarter version of a mechanical or electronic timer previously used for ON-OFF streetlight operations. They come with energy conservation options such as twilight savings, shocking or dimming. Also many streetlight controllers come with an astronomical clock for a specific location or Global Positioning System (GPS) connection to provide the best ON-OFF time and energy savings.
Accessories
Some intelligent streetlight controllers are also equipped with a Global Communication System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Radio Frequency (RF) or Communications Package General (GPRS), users customized by latitude and longitude (low cost), for streetlight management better and maintenance. Many streetlight controllers are also equipped with traffic sensors to manage the lux level of lights in accordance with traffic and to save energy by reducing lux when there is no traffic. America, Canada, India and many other countries have started introducing streetlight controllers for their street lighting for energy conservation, streetlight management and maintenance purposes.
Economy
Streetlight controllers can be expensive compared to normal timers, and can cost between $ 100 and $ 2500, but most of them return the investment between 6 months and 2 years. Because the lifetime of the equipment is 7 to 10 years, it saves energy and costs for several years.
Image-based streetlight control
A number of companies now produce Intelligent street lighting that adjusts light output based on use and occupancy, which automates pedestrian versus cyclists, automotive versus rivals, also feels the speed of movement and illuminates a number of street lights in front and less behind, depending on the speed of motion. Also the lights adjust depending on the road conditions, for example, the snow produces more reflections so that less light is required.
Destination
There are three main uses of streetlights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Abuse of different types of lights can aggravate the situation at the expense of visibility or security.
Flare light
Stable light at a two-way intersection is a help for navigation because it helps the driver see the side street location as they approach it and they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see a vehicle or pedestrian. The flare function is to say "here I am" and even the dim light gives enough contrast to the dark night to serve that purpose. To prevent the danger caused by driving the car through a puddle of light, the flare light should not shine onto the main road, and not brighter to the side of the road. In residential areas, this is usually the only proper lighting, and has a bonus side effect of providing spill lighting to every sidewalk there for pedestrian purposes. On the Interstate highway this destination is generally served by placing reflectors on the side of the road.
Streetlight
Due to the hazards discussed above, streetlights are used appropriately and only when certain situations justify an increased risk. This usually involves intersections with multiple backlashes and many signs, situations where the driver must take a lot of information quickly that is not in the spotlight of the headlamps. In this situation (intersection or exit junction) the intersection can be ignited so the driver can quickly see all the dangers, and a well-designed plan will gradually increase the lighting for about a quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually reduce the lighting after I t. The main road from the highway remains unlit to preserve the driver's night vision and increase visibility of the approaching headlamps. If there is a sharp turn where the headlamps will not light up the road, the light on the outside of the curve is often justified.
If you want to illuminate a highway (possibly due to heavy and fast multi-lane traffic), to avoid the danger of unusual streetlight placement, the lamp should not be switched on intermittently, as this requires repeated eye adjustments that imply tense eyes and temporary blindness. upon entering and leaving the pool of light. In this case the system is designed to eliminate the need for headlights. This is usually achieved with bright lights placed on high poles at close regular intervals so that there is consistent light along the route. The illumination went from the side of the road to the side of the road.
More information: pedestrian crossing # Lighting.
Bicycle lights
Policies that encourage utility cycles have been proposed and implemented, including bicycle paths to improve safety at night.
Path lights
Maintenance
Street lighting systems require ongoing care, which can be classified as reactive or preventative. Reactive maintenance is a direct response to lighting failures, such as replacing a discharged lamp after a failure, or replacing an entire lighting unit after being hit by a vehicle. Preventive maintenance is scheduled for replacement of lighting components, eg replacing all discharge lamps in urban areas when they have reached 85% of expected age. In the United Kingdom, the Road Connection Group has issued a Code of Practice that recommends specific reactive and preventative care procedures.
Some streetlights in New York City have orange or red lights on the luminaires (lights) or red lights attached to lamp posts. This indicates that near this lamppost or at the same intersection, there is a fire alarm pull box. The other street lights have a small red light next to the street light bulb, when the small light flashes, it indicates a problem with the electric current.
Primary producer
- Australia
- GEC (General Electric)
- Osram Sylvania
- Philips
- Thorn Illumination
- Westinghouse
- North America
- American Electric Illumination (formerly ITT, then Thomas & Betts), USA
- Cooper Lighting division of Cooper Industries, US
- General Electric, USA
- Osram Sylvania, USA
- Division of Westinghouse Lighting Corporation (formerly Angelo Brothers) of the new Westinghouse Electric, USA
- Europe
- Lighting CU Phosco, United Kingdom
- Trilux, Germany
- Osram, Germany
- Philips, Netherlands
- Siemens, Germany
- Svetlina AD, Bulgaria
- Thorn Lighting was formerly Europhane, United Kingdom
- GEC, United Kingdom & amp; Hungary
- Philips, United Kingdom
- SchrÃÆ' Â © der, Belgium
- Asia
- Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Japan
- Sanyo, Japan
- Bajaj Electricals, India
- K-Lite Industries, India
See also
References
Bibliography
- Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris . Robert Laffont. ISBN: 2-221-07862-4.
Further reading
- van Bommel, Wout (2015). Lighting Street, Technology and Application Fundamentals . Jumper. ISBN: 9783319114651. Ã,
External links
- A guide for street lighting - including lots of close-up photos of UK street lighting equipment, and information on installations over the centuries. (UK)
- Examples of Integrated Renewable Power Installation in Street Lighting, an example of street lighting systems with integrated solar and wind generators from Panasonic/Matsushita
- Australian Streetlight (fan site).
- New Street Lights - LED street lamps in North America.
- Transportation Lighting at the Lighting Research Center
- Information Research at Sheffield University
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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