The Willys MB and Ford GPW , both officially called US Army Truck, 1/4 ton, 4x4, Command Reconnaissance , commonly known as < b> Jeep or jeep , and sometimes referred to as G503 is a four-wheel drive military utility vehicle manufactured during World War II (from 1941 to 1945 ) to help mobilize the Allied forces.
The World War II Jeep became the main lightweight vehicle of the United States Military and World War II allies, as well as the postwar period; being the world's first mass-produced 4-wheel drive car, is produced in six-digit numbers. The jeep proved to be highly capable and versatile, and General George C. Marshall called the littered small vehicle "America's greatest contribution to modern warfare." After the war, he evolved into a civil CJ Jeep model, and inspired both categories of recreation 4WD and several generations of light military utility vehicles.
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Histori
The design of the World War II jeep was the result of a lengthy process, involving contributions from both US military officers and civil engineers, most recently associated with three companies: Bantam, Willys and Ford, and has been repeatedly referred to as> design by the committee . In the fall of 1941, Lieutenant E.P. Hogan of the US Quartermaster Corps wrote: "The credit for the original design of the Army truck 4 / 4 -ton, 4x4, may not be claimed by an individual or a single producer.This vehicle is the result of many studies and many tests. "Hogan praised the military and civil engineers, especially those working at the Quartermaster Dept. of Holabird.
Pre-war test and conceptualization
Progress in early twentieth-century technology led to widespread military mechanization during World War I. The United States troop deployed four-wheel drive trucks in the war, such as Jeffery/Nash Quad, and trucks from Four Wheel Drive (FWD). Immediately after World War I, the use of motor vehicles was considered only as a prelude to a much larger application in future armed conflict - in early 1919, the US Quartermaster Corps recommended the acquisition of a new type of military vehicle, "... light and compact in size, with low silhouette and high ground clearance, and has the ability to carry weapons and humans on all rough terrain. "For years the US Army began searching for small vehicles suitable for surveillance and messaging; while at the same time looking for a lightweight cross-country weapon carrier.
At the same time, a great need for standardization is felt. At the end of World War I, US forces abroad had a total of 216 brands and models of motor vehicles, both foreign and domestic, to operate and there was no good supply system to keep them operating.
Various light motor vehicles on trial. On the first motorcycle with and without sidecars, and some Ford Model Ts modified. In the early 1930s, the US Army experimented with heavy bantam "dwarf trucks" for scouts and robbers - 1050 lbs, low-built cars with compact pick-up bodies shown in a 1933 article in Popular Mechanics Magazine . After 1935, when the US Congress declared that World War I vehicles were obsolete, procurement for "army remotilation" gained more appeal. In 1937, Marmon-Herrington offered five 4ÃÆ' â € "4 Ford, and American Bantam sent three Austin roadsters in 1938.
In 1939 the army began to standardize the type of general-purpose truck chassis with load ratings, initially in five classes from ½-ton up to 7 ½-ton. But in 1940, the categories were revised. For the first time, a quarter-tonne truck chassis class was introduced, at the bottom of the range, and the ½ ton category was replaced by the Ã, Â-ton chassis.
By the end of World War II, the United States Department of War had determined that the required vehicles 1 / 4 -ton, cross-country. Wanting a time for America's entry into World War II, the US Army requested a proposal from a domestic automaker. Recognizing the need to create a standard specification, the Army formalized its terms on July 11, 1940, and handed it over to 135 US automakers.
Development - 1. Bantam Reconnaissance Car
Currently the war is underway in Europe, so the army needs urgent and demanding: The offer must be accepted on July 22, span only eleven days. Manufacturers were given 49 days to ship their first prototype and 75 days to complete 70 test vehicles. The specifications of the Armed Forces Technical Committee are equally demanding: the vehicle will drive four wheels, has a crew of three on a wheelbase of not more than 75 in (191 cm) - which then rises to 80 at (203 cm) - and tracks no more than 47 in ( 119 cm), features a windshield folding, 660bb (299 kg) payload and powered by a machine capable of generating torque of 85Ã, lb? ft (115Ã, N? m). The most frightening demand, however, is an empty weight of no more than 1,300 pounds (590 kg).
Initially, only American Bantam and Willys-Overland entered the competition - Ford joined later. Although Willys was a low bidder, Willys was punished for asking for more time, and Bantam accepted the contract, as the only company committed to modeling in 49 days and examples of production at 75. Bantam requested Detroit freelance designer Karl Probst, who turned down Bantam initially, but responded to the Army's request and began work on July 17, 1940.
Probst compiled a complete design image for the Bantam prototype, known as Bantam Reconnaissance or BRC Car, in just two days, and set the cost estimate the next day. The Bantam bid was submitted, complete with a blueprint, on July 22. While many vehicles can be assembled from off-the-shelf automotive parts, custom four wheel drive components donated by Spicer. The hand-made prototype was completed in Butler, Pennsylvania, and driven to an Army vehicle test center in Camp Holabird, Maryland, and delivered on September 23, 1940. The vehicle met all Army criteria except engine torque. Pilot Bantam (later also dubbed as "Blitz Buggy" or "Old Number One") presented Army officials with the first of what eventually evolved into the US Army World War II Jeep: Willys MB and Ford GPW.
Development - 2. Enter Willys and Ford
Because Bantam does not have the production capacity or fiscal stability to meet the scale required by the War Department, two other bidders, Ford and Willys, are encouraged to complete their own test models for testing. Contracts for new surveillance cars will be determined by trial. While testing Bantam's prototype runs from September 27 to October 16, Ford and Willys technical representatives present at Holabird were given many opportunities to study vehicle performance. In addition, to speed up production, the War Department passed the blueprint of Bantam to Ford and Willys, claiming that the government had the draft. Bantam does not deny this step because of the difficult financial situation. In November 1940, Ford and Willys each filed a prototype to compete with Bantam in an Army test. The pilot model, Willys Quad and Ford Pygmy , were very similar to each other and joined in the test by Bantam entries, now evolving into Mark II called BRC 60 . At that time the US and its armed forces were already under such pressure that the three cars were declared acceptable and orders for 1,500 units per company were awarded for field testing. At this time the recognized original weight limit (which can not even be met by Banten) is unrealistic, and raised to 2,160 pounds (980 kg).
For each pre-production, each vehicle receives a revision and a new name. Bantam became BRC 40. Production began on 31 March 1941, with a total of 2,605 built until December 6th. Since the company was unable to meet the Army's demand for 75 Jeeps a day, production contracts were also awarded to Willys and Ford.
After reducing the weight of the vehicle by 240 pounds, Willys converted the appointment to "MA" for "Military" "A" model. The Ford goes into production as "GP" , with "G" for "Government" and "P" type contracts used by Ford to designate each passenger car with an inner 80-wheelbase (203 cm).
Full production - Willys MB and Ford GPW
In July 1941, the War Department wanted to standardize and decided to choose one manufacturer to supply them with the next order for 16,000 vehicles. Willys won the contract largely because of his stronger engine ("Go Devil"), which was lit by the soldiers, and his lower cost and silhouette. The design features in Bantam and Ford entries that represent improvements to the Willys design are then incorporated into the Willys car, moving them from "A" to "B", thus the "MB" nomenclature. The most prominent is the wide flat hood, adapted from Ford GP.
In October 1941, it was clear Willys-Overland could not keep up with production demand and Ford was contracted to produce them as well - exactly in line with the Willys blueprints, drawings, specifications and patents. The Ford car was later designated as GPW , with "W" referring to the design licensed "Willys". During World War II, Willys produced 363,000 Jeeps and Ford about 280,000. Approximately 51,000 are exported to the US. Under the Lend-Lease program. Ford and Willys faithfully produce jeeps with fully interchangeable components and components, partly facilitated by using components from common sources - frames from Midland Steel, wheels from Kelsey-Hayes, axle and transfer cases from Spicer, for example.
On April 7, 1942, US patent no. 2278450 for the WW II jeep, entitled "The military vehicle body" was given to the US Army , who had applied for it, registered Colonel Byron Q. Jones as inventor on patents, although he does not do work on vehicle design. Archived on October 8, 1941, stating in the application that "The discovery described herein, if patented, may be made and used by or for the Government for the purposes of government without payment of royalties on it", the patent relates to "small car bodies of vehicles having a convertible feature where it is rendered highly desirable for military purposes "and explaining the purpose of the vehicle is essentially making the car the equivalent of a Swiss Army knife:
Furthermore, about 13,000 amphibious jeeps were built by Ford under the name IPK (dubbed "Seep" for Sea Jeep). Inspired by the larger DUKW, the vehicle was manufactured too quickly and proved too heavy, too heavy, and inadequate. Despite successfully participating in the Sicilian landing in July 1943, most of the GPA was transferred to the US. Under the Lend-Lease program. The Soviets were quite satisfied with their ability to cross the river to develop their own version after the war, GAZ-64.
Maps Willys MB
How jeep gets its name
There is no consensus among historians, as to how exactly the US World War II surveillance car is commonly known as a "jeep" - let it be how it comes from first place. Many explanations proved difficult to verify. Certainly, the term "jeep" had been used before the war, pointing to things; while the early jeep is indicated by many titles and nicknames.
Eugene the Jeep and the previous use of" jeep "
As early as spring of 1936 a character called Eugene the Jeep was created in the E. C. Fresh cartoon. Popeye . Eugene Jeep is a "pet forest" Popeye and small, can walk through walls and move between dimensions, and can go anywhere and solve seemingly impossible problems. According to some sources, the word "jeep" was used as early as World War I - both as a US Army slang for new recruits, uninitiated, and by mechanics to refer to new prototypes and untested vehicles to be proven on military bases.
The ability of Eugene Jeep to go anywhere produces a variety of industrial vehicles and four-wheel drive dubbed "Jeep" in the late thirties. Around 1940, a converted 4WD Minneapolis-Moline tractor, supplied to the US Army as the prime mover, was called a jeep, and Halliburton used the name for an electric logging device, or for a Custombuilt exploration/survey vehicle. The small, anti-submarine escorted and guarded carrier vessels are called "jeep carriers" in the US Navy on WW II, as well as several planes - prototypes for Kellett autogyros, and for Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, as well as 1941 Curtiss-Wright AT- 9 is called a jeep.
In 1940-1942, soldiers generally used a "jeep" for the Dodge 1/2-ton or 3/4-ton Dodge Command Car, with a 3/4-ton Command Cars sometimes called "Beeps" (for "Big Jeeps" ), while a 1/4-ton car is called "Peeps", "son of jeep", "baby jeep", or still quads or bantam. Initially, "Peep" seems like a fitting name, because ¼-ton is considered a scouting car (peek).
The situation of early 1940 terminology is perfectly summarized in the definition given in the "Strength of Struggling Words" by Clinton A. Sanders, a military slang dictionary, published in 1942, in the Pentagon library: Jeep : Four wheel drive car with a capacity of half to one and a half tons for surveillance or other military duties. Terms applied to bantam-cars, and sometimes to other motor vehicles (US) in the Air Corps, Link Trainer; in armored troops, a 1/2 ton command car. Also referred to as "any small plane, helicopter, or gadget." - "jeep" can still mean various things, including other light wheeled vehicles instead of jeep...
Does jeep come from GP Ã,
One of the most frequently given explanations, is that the appointment of GP (either from the initial Ford GP , or of the military GP to the General Purpose car) into the word Jeep in the same way as the contemporary HMMWV (for High Multi-Wheel Wheel Wheeling ) has become known as the Humvee. Although previously the term "jeep" considers this to be etymology in the proper sense, it may have contributed to the term marriage with WW II 4 -ton truck. The first version (based on the ford GP model code) was given in an article in San Francisco Call-Bulletin at the end of 1941, and to some extent reasonable, because Ford GP was the first of a standardized jeep to reach the GI by hundreds, beginning in early 1941. So it is possible that "GP" could evolve into "Geep" and finally "jeep". The last explanation (from the term "general purpose"), though this does not appear in the TM9-803 manual (page 10), and the car is designated as "GP" In the manual TM9-2800, - was published in late 1943, and early 1944, and their influence on the jeep's name is debatable. Additionally: Jeep is not the only "general purpose" Quartermaster Corps vehicle - so if this is the source, people will call the other "geeps" or "jeeps" as well..
Willys-Overland position and promotion
Joe Frazer, Willys-Overland President from 1939 to 1944, claimed to have created the word jeep by weakening the initials G.P., probably related to Willys-Overland's 1946 copyright claim under the name 'Jeep'. However, the company that handles Willys P.R. in 1944 wrote that the name of the jeep probably stems from the fact that the vehicle made a sufficient impression on the army at the time, so much so that they unofficially named it after going anywhere Eugene the Jeep.
In early 1941, when the tested cars used names like BRC/"Blitz-Buggy", Ford Pygmy and the like, Willys-Overland held a press event in Washington, DC, a publicity stunt and photographs of the Senate demonstrating his car died - the ability of the road by raising it to the Capitol ladder. Irving "Red" Hausmann, a tester on the Willys development team who had accompanied the car for his tests at Camp Holabird, had heard soldiers there referring to it as a jeep. He was registered to go to the show and give up demonstrations to a group of officials, including Katherine Hillyer, a reporter for the Washington Daily News. When asked what it was, Hausmann said "it is a Jeep". Hausmann prefers "Jeep", to differentiate the Willys rig from the other cute named ¼-ton at Camp Holabird. Hillyer syndicated article appeared in the newspaper on February 20, 1941, with a photo showing a jeep up the Capitol ladder and a description including the term "jeep". It is believed to be the most likely origin of terms that are corrected in public consciousness. Although Hausmann does not create or create the word "Jeep", he may contribute to the use of mainstream media that indicates a vehicle Ã,¼-ton.
Convergence of mixed origin and media coverage
It is plausible that the origin is mixed and gathered in the jeep from various directions. Ford Motor Company pushed the Ford GP out loud, to get a military contract, putting the term "GP" into use. Military and G.I officers involved in the procurement and testing of cars may call this jeep from WW I slang. Civil contractors, engineers and testers may have linked it with Popeye's 'Eugene Jeep' character. People may have heard the same name from different directions, and when one person hears it from another, give them their own understanding and explanation.
From 1941 onwards, "the constant flow of the press and the publicity of the film," as well as the Willys commercials since 1942, which claimed to have created and perfected the jeep, cemented the name "Jeep" in the civilian public mind, even when "peeping" was still used in many army camps But without a doubt, the Bantam jeep is the first of its kind. One of the most influential articles may be the full review of January 1942 on the new military magic train in Scientific American, reprinted as "Meet the Jeep" at Reader's Digest, today's best-selling consumer magazine. Writer Jo Chamberlin was really impressed by "midget combat car" and wrote:
"Our youngest baby, the smallest little baby, has a dozen pet names like jeeps, peeps, blitz-buggies, Lena jumps, panzer-killer.Name all dear, because the jeep has been made good. stealing the show in Louisiana.Now the Army plans to have 75,000 of them. "In a future footnote, Chamberlin writes:" Some soldiers call bantam as "peeping," ordering a jeep for a larger command car in which brass hats However, the term "jeep" (born from GP, a manufacturing classification car) is used by newspapers and most of the army, and it seems to be fixed. "
Grille
Willys made his first 25,000 MB Jeep with a welded flat iron "slat" radiator grille. Ford was the first to design and implement a well-known and distinctive steel grille, which was stamped vertically into its Jeep vehicle, which was lighter, used less resources, and was less expensive to produce. Along with many other design features being innovated by Ford, it was adopted by Willys and implemented into World War II Jeep standards in April 1942.
In order to get a trademark grille design, Willys delivers a seven-slot postwar jersey instead of the original nine slot designs of Ford. Through a series of corporate takeovers and mergers, AM General Corporation ended up with the right to use a seven-slot grid as well, which in turn expanded to Chrysler when it acquired American Motors Corporation, then a Jeep manufacturer, in 1987.
Post-war
Willys-Overland filed a trademark name "Jeep" in 1943.
From 1945 onwards, Willys took a four-wheel drive vehicle to the public with the CJ version ( Civilian Jeep ), making it the first mass-produced 4x4 civilian vehicle. In 1948, the US Federal Trade Commission agreed with American Bantam that the idea of ​​creating a Jeep originated and developed by the US in cooperation with the US Army, as well as Ford and Spicer. The Commission prohibits Willys from claiming, directly or implicitly, that it has created or designed the Jeep, and allowed it only to claim that it contributed to the development of the vehicle. The trademark demands initiated and won by Bantam were a hollow victory, American Bantam bankrupt in 1950 and Willys was granted the trademark "Jeep" in 1950.
The first CJ is basically the same as the MB, except for changes such as a vacuum-powered windshield wiper, tailgate (and therefore a spare tire mounted on the side), and civil lighting. Also, civilian jeeps have facilities such as naugahyde chairs, chrome trims, and are available in various colors. Mechanically, the tougher T-90 transmission replaces Willys MB T84 to attract the rural buyers demographics that were originally thought to be.
Willys-Overland and his successors, Willys Motors and Kaiser Jeep supplied the US military as well as many other allies with military jeeps until the late 1960s.
In 1950, the first postwar military jeep, M38 (or MC ), was launched, based on the 1949 CJ-3A. In 1953, quickly followed by M38A1 (or MD ), featuring a new rounded-fendered body to clean the new and higher Willys Hurricane engines. The Jeep was later developed into the CJ-5 which was launched in 1955. Similarly, the ambulance version, M170 (or MDA ), featuring a 20-inch wheelbase stretch, was later changed to CJ civil 6
Prior to CJ-5, Willys offered a cheaper alternative alternative with a higher F-head engine in the form of the CJ-3B, the CJ-3A body with a higher hood. This quickly turned into the M606 jeep (mostly used for export, via 1968) by equipping it with available heavy-duty options such as tires and larger springs, and by adding incandescent, olive-melted paint, and trailer hitches. After 1968, the M606A2 and -A3 versions of the CJ-5 were made in the same way for friendly foreign governments.
The license to produce CJ-3B is issued to producers in many different countries, and some, such as Mahindra's company in India, continue to produce them in some form or another to this day. The French Army, for example, produced MB Willys by purchasing a Willys license to enable the manufacture of their Hotchkiss M201.
Compact military jeep continues to be used in Korean and Vietnam War. In Korea, it's mostly used in MB, as well as M38 and M38A1 (introduced in 1952 and 1953), its direct descendants. In Vietnam, the most widely used jeep is the newly designed Ford M151, featuring advanced technology such as unibody construction and all independent suspension with springs. Regardless of the mainstream - by today's standards - relatively small jeep, smaller vehicles developed for US Marines, suitable for transporting and transporting the M422, "Mighty Mite".
Finally, the US military decided on a very different concept, choosing a much larger vehicle that not only took over the jeep's role, but also replaced all other lightweight military light vehicles: HMMWV ("Humvee"). The Canadian army took delivery of 195 military versions of the CJ-7 in the early 1980s. This is incorporated into the service as a gap size between the pensions of the M38A1 and the introduction of Iltis. They were codified by the Canadian Forces with Equipment Configuration Code (ECC) No. 121526.
In 1991, Willys-Overland Jeep MB was designated as the Landmark International Mechanical Engineering Machine by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Postwar conversion
Filipino jeepney
When American troops began to leave the Philippines at the end of World War II, hundreds of jeep surpluses were sold or given to local Filipinos. The Filipinos stripped the jeep to accommodate several passengers, added metal roofs to the shade, and decorated the vehicles with bright colors and bright chrome ornaments.
Jeepney quickly emerged as a popular and creative way to rebuild cheap public transport, which had been almost destroyed during World War II. Acknowledging the widespread use of these vehicles, the Philippine government began to limit its use. Drivers must now have a custom license, regular route, and a reasonable fixed rate. Argentina Argentina Autoar Argentina Autoar
Beginning in 1950, Jeep-powered vehicles were manufactured by Autoar in Argentina. Starting from 1951, a new sedan was introduced using the same 2199 cc Jeep engine and a manual transmission. It is equipped with a gear to offset Jeep's low axle ratio. In 1952, a new 3 liter six-cylinder overhead valve was announced, but may never be made. At that time, Piero Dusio returned to Italy. In the 1950s, sporadic production, and built models included a station wagon with a 1901 cc Jeep-type engine.
Warning Edition
Terinspirasi oleh Angkatan Darat AS, Willys MB, Jeep memproduksi sekitar 1000 edisi Willys dari Wrangler TJ tahun 2004, dan berharap untuk menjual dua kali jumlah itu untuk model tahun 2005.
Produksi
Galeri
Lihat juga
Catatan
Referensi
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1991). The JEEP MB, Sebuah Landmark Teknik Mesin Bersejarah Internasional (diarsipkan). Toledo (Ohio): Jeep House. Kode H152 (Tanpa ISBN)
- Pada bulan Agustus 2011, layanan VOA Special English Voice of America menyiarkan laporan tentang Bantam Jeep sebagai bagian dari seri Mosaik Amerika-nya. Transkrip dan MP3 program, ditujukan untuk pelajar bahasa Inggris, dapat ditemukan di Jeep - Salah Satu Kendaraan Paling Terkenal di Dunia - Dirayakan di Tempat Lahirnya.
Tautan eksternal
- TM 9-803 0,25 4x4 ton truk (model Willys-Overland MB dan Ford model GPW)
- TM 9-804 0,25 ton truk truk 4x4 M38 (Willys-Overland)
- TM 9-804A 0,25 ton truk truk 4x4 M38A1 1952
- TH 9-345 NEKAF M38A1 Dutch M38A1 dibuat oleh NEKAF 1957
- Museum Peringatan Veteran AS: Jip militer
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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