Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. (July 10, 1943 - February 6, 1993) is a professional American tennis player who won three Grand Slam titles.
Ashe is the first black player to be selected to the US Davis Cup team and the only black man ever to win a singles title at Wimbledon, US Open and Australian Open. He retired in 1980. He was ranked No. 1 by Harry Hopman in 1968 and by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph and World Tennis Magazine in 1975. On the computer ATP rankings, it peaked at No. May 2, 1976.
In the early 1980s, Ashe was believed to have contracted HIV from a blood transfusion she received during a heart bypass surgery. Ashe announced his illness in April 1992 and began working to educate others about HIV and AIDS. He founded the Arthur Ashe Foundation for the Defeat of AIDS and Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health before his death from AIDS-related pneumonia at age 49 on February 6, 1993.
On June 20, 1993, Ashe was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Bill Clinton.
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Arthur Ashe was born in Richmond, Virginia, to Arthur Ashe Sr. (died 1989) and Mattie Cordell Cunningham Ashe on July 10, 1943. He had a brother, Johnnie, who was five years his junior. In March 1950, Ashe's mother, Mattie died of complications associated with toxemia pregnancy (now known as pre-eclampsia) at the age of 27 years. Ashe and his brother were raised by their father who worked as a handyman and caretaker specifically for the Richmond Recreation Department.
Ashe Sr. was a caring and disciplined father who encouraged Arthur to excel at school and in sports, but forbade him to play American football, a popular game for many black kids, because of his little son, something that meant Arthur's childhood. the nickname is "Skinny" or "Bones". Ashes lives in a locker lodge on 18 acre Brookfield parkland, Richmond's largest private playground, which has a basketball court, four tennis courts, a swimming pool and three baseball diamonds. Ashe started playing tennis at the age of 7 and began practicing in the field where his natural talent was discovered by Virginia Union University students and part-time Brookfield trainer Ron Charity, who as the best black tennis player in Richmond at the time, began teaching Ashe a basic blow and prompting him to enter a local tournament.
Ashe attends Maggie L. Walker High School where she continues to practice tennis. Ron Charity brought it to the attention of Robert Walter Johnson, a physician, and coach of Althea Gibson, who founded and funded the Junior Development Program of the American Tennis Association (ATA). Ashe was trained and guided by Johnson at his summer tennis camp home in Lynchburg, Virginia from 1953 when Ashe was 10 years old, until 1960. Johnson helped perfect Ashe's game and taught him the importance of racial socialization through sportsmanship, etiquette and tranquility that would later become characteristic of Ashe. He was told to return any ball that landed within two inches of the line and never argued with the referee's decision. In 1958, Ashe became the first African-American to play in the Maryland children's championship. It was also his first integrated tennis competition.
In 1960, Ashe was prevented from competing with Caucasian youths in Richmond apart during the school year and was unable to use the city's inner court closed to black players. He accepted an offer from Richard Hudlin, a St. Louis is 62 years old, tennis coach and friend. Johnson, to move to St. Louis and spent his final year attending Sumner High School, where he can compete more freely.. Ashe stayed with Hudlin and his family for a year, during which time Hudlin coached and encouraged him to develop a service game and volley that enabled Ashe, who is now stronger. Ashe was able to practice in the indoor courts of National Guard Armory and in 1961, after lobbying by Dr. Johnson, he was granted permission to compete in the US Interscholastic tournament that had previously been separated and won for the school.
In December 1960 and again in 1963, Ashe was featured in Sports Illustrated , appearing in their Faces in the Crowd segment. He became the first African-American to win the National Indoor Junior Tennis title and was awarded a tennis scholarship to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1963. While at UCLA, he was trained by JD Morgan and practiced on a regular basis. with his sports idol, Pancho Gonzalez, who lives nearby and helps to hone his game. Ashe is also a member of the ROTC who requires him to join an active military service after graduating in exchange for money for school fees. He is active in other matters, joining Upsilon's chapter of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity on campus. After graduating with a Bachelor degree in Business Administration, Ashe joined the US Army on August 4, 1966. Ashe completed his basic training in Washington and was later assigned as the second lieutenant at the General Corps of Adjutants. He was assigned to the United States Military Academy at West Point where he worked as a data processor. During his time at West Point, Ashe leads an academic tennis program. He was promoted to lieutenant 1 on 23 February 1968, and was fired from the Army in 1969.
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Careers
In 1963, Arthur Ashe became the first black player to be selected for the US Davis Cup team. In 1965, ranked number 3 player in the United States, Ashe won both singles titles National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and double titles (with Ian Crookenden from New Zealand), helped UCLA win the NCAA team tennis championship.
In 1966 and 1967, Ashe reached the Australian Championship final but lost on both occasions to Roy Emerson.
1968 is a breakthrough year for Ashe. He won the United States Amateur Championship against Davis Cup teams, Bob Lutz, and the first open US Open, becoming the first black man to win the title and the only player who has won an amateur and open national championship at the same venue. year. In order to maintain the eligibility of the Davis Cup and to have time away from army duty for an important tournament, Ashe was asked to maintain his amateur status. Therefore, he was unable to receive the first $ 14,000 prize money given to Tom Okker runner-up, while Ashe received only $ 20 daily expenses for his historic victory. His ability to compete in the championship (and avoid the Vietnam war) arose from the decision of his brother Johnnie to serve an additional tour in Vietnam at Arthur's place. In December 1968, Ashe helped the US team to win the Davis Cup after a victory in the final in Adelaide against defending champions Australia. His only loss in the 12 Davis Cup tournaments he played that year was in the last dead rubber match after the US team had won. The season closes with Ashe winner of 10 of 22 tournaments with a record match of win-lose 72-10.
In September 1969, the US Davis Cup team retained the trophy, beating Romania in the final round of challenge, with Ashe winning both bachelor games. In the same year, Ashe applied for a visa to play in South Africa Open but was denied a visa by the South African government which enforced a strict racial apartheid separation policy. He continues to apply for visas in subsequent years and the country continues to refuse. In protest, he used this example of discrimination to campaign for US sanctions against South Africa and the expulsion of the nation from the International Grass-Tennis Federation (ILTF) but, in defending individual South African players, refused calls from activists to lose match against them.
In January 1970, Ashe won his second Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open. With the competition somewhat drained by the absence of some of the world's National Class Tennis League (NTL) professionals banned for the league because of financial guarantees is considered too low, Ashe beat Dick Crealy in straight sets in the final to become first. non-Australians to win titles since 1959. In March 1970, sparked by South Africa's refusal to grant Ashe a visa to play there, the country was expelled from the Davis Cup competition for its racial policies. In September 1970, shortly after helping the US Davis Cup team beat West Germany in the challenge to win its third Davis Cup in a row, Ashe signed a five-year deal with Lamar Hunt's World Championship Tennis.
In March 1971, Ashe reached the Australian Open final again but lost in straight sets to Ken Rosewall. In June of that year, Ashe won the French Open men's doubles with his mate Marty Riessen.
In 1972, due to a dispute between ILTF and WCT, Ashe, as one of 32 contracted WCT players, was banned from the ILTF Grand Prix tennis tournament from January to July. This ban means Ashe can not play in French Open and Wimbledon Grand Slam tournaments. In September, Ashe reached the US Open final for the second time. After leading his opponent, Ilie N stages with 2 sets to 1 and with a break point to lead 4-1 in the fourth set, he eventually lost five sets. The disadvantage of such a winning position is the biggest disappointment in Ashe's professional tennis career. At the post-match award ceremony, upset by some of the antics on Nance's field during the game, Ashe praised N? Stage as a tough opponent and a 'colorful' player, then suggests, "... and when he polishes on some of his polite behavior, he'll get better". In this tournament, concerned that male tennis professionals do not receive a victory commensurate with the growing popularity of the sport and to protect players from promoters and associates, Ashe supports the establishment of the Tennis Professional Association. He later became elected president in 1974.
In June 1973, as a result of the ATP boycott, Ashe was one of the 13 leading players and 81 total players who withdrew from the Wimbledon tournament to much public criticism. The catalyst for a boycott is a member of the Yugoslavian ATP Niki Pili? has been suspended for nine months by his tennis federation after allegedly refusing to represent them in a Davis Cup match against New Zealand in May, something Pili? rejected. The prohibition was upheld by the ILTF even though they were reduced to just one month. The ATP opposed the ban but lost the lawsuit to force Pili's participation at Wimbledon during the ban. As an ATP board member, Ashe chose to boycott the tournament, a vote only passed when ATP chairman Cliff Drysdale abstained. Commentators assume that the boycott demonstrates the strength of the new ATP, and shows tennis associations that can not be dictated by professional players.
In November 1973, with the South African government attempting to end their Olympic ban and rejoining the Olympic movement, Ashe was finally granted a visa to enter the country for the first time playing in the South African Open. He lost the final to Jimmy Connors, but won double with partner Tom Okker. Despite a boycott of South African sport, Ashe believes that his presence can help undermine stereotypes and that by competing and winning tournaments he will stand as an example of the outcome of integration, and help bring about change in South Africa apartheid. He reached the final single again in 1974, losing straight sets to Connors for the second year in a row. Then, in 1977, Ashe spoke to a small group of boycott supporters at the US Open and admitted that he had been wrong to participate in South Africa and once again supported South African boycott after he tried to buy tickets for some African youth for a tennis match in South Africa , and told to use "African only" counters. In the media, Ashe asked South Africa to be expelled from the professional tennis circuit and the Davis Cup competition.
In May 1975, Ashe defeated BjÃÆ'¶rn Borg to win the final WCT Finals of the season in Dallas, Texas.
On July 5, 1975, in the first Wimbledon All-American final since 1947, Ashe, the sixth seed and just a few days less than his 32nd birthday, won Wimbledon in his ninth attempt, beating favorite champion and outstanding defender Jimmy Connors. Ashe had never defeated Connors in their previous encounters and Connors had never dropped a set in six previous rounds, but Ashe played an almost perfect tactical tennis match to win in four sets. Toward the final, the relationship between the two players has been tense. Connors sued the ATP, with Ashe as his president, for allegedly holding back trade after being challenged by ATP and French officials meant he was denied entry into the 1974 French Open as a member of the contracted World Tennis team (WTT). Just two days before the start of the Wimbledon tournament, it has been announced that Connors is now suing Ashe for $ 5 million for comments in a letter Ashe wrote to ATP members in his role as president, criticizing Connors' insistence that Davis Cup captain Dennis Ralston should be sacked and a "boycott" not patriotic against the competition that had begun after Ralston left him out of the team against the West Indies in Jamaica in March 1972. On the last day, Ashe sharply and symbolically wore a red, white, and blue bracelet. throughout the game and wearing a United States Davis Cup warm-up jacket while walking out to Center Court and during the award ceremony upon receiving the trophy and the winner's check for GBP Ã, £ 10,000 (equivalent to 1975 USD $ 23,000). Soon after the finals, Connors dropped a libel suit.
Ashe played for several years and won the Australian Open double with Tony Roche in January 1977, but a left-foot heel injury requiring surgery a month later and his subsequent long-term rehabilitation saw his world downgrade to 257 low before his remarkable comeback saw him bounce back to 13th the world again the following year at the age of 35 years. However, after undergoing heart surgery in December 1979, Ashe officially retired in April 1980, at the age of 36. His career record was 818 victories, 260 losses and 51 titles.
Ashe remains the only black person to win a singles title at Wimbledon, US Open, or Australian Open. He was one of two black African men who won the Grand Slam title, the other being Yannick Noah of France, who won the French Open in 1983. He also led the United States to victory for three consecutive years (1968-70). ) in the Davis Cup.
In his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer, an old tennis promoter and world no. 1 player himself in the 1940s, ranked Ashe as one of the 21 best players of all time.
Retirement
After his retirement, Ashe took many roles, including writing for Time magazine and The Washington Post, commenting on ABC Sports, setting up the National Junior Tennis League, and serving as captain of the US Davis Cup team from 1981 to 1985. He was elected at the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1985.
In 1988 Ashe published a three-volume book entitled A Hardy to Glory: A History of the African-American Athlete, after working with research teams for nearly six years. Ashe states that the book is more important than any tennis titles.
Ashe appeared in the 1994 Ken Burns documentary Baseball discusses the impact of Jackie Robinson on the game.
Ashe is also an active civil rights advocate. He is a member of a delegation of 31 prominent African-Americans who visit South Africa to observe the country's political changes as the country approaches racial integration. He was arrested on January 11, 1985, for protest outside the South African Embassy, ​​Washington, D.C. during anti-apartheid demonstrations. He was arrested again on September 9, 1992, outside the White House for protesting the recent suppression of Haitian refugees.
Personal life
On February 20, 1977, Ashe married Jeanne Moutoussamy, a photographer and graphic artist he met in October 1976 at a United Negro College Fund fund. Andrew Young, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, conducted a wedding ceremony at the UN chapel, New York City. During the ceremony, Ashe wore a cast on his left leg after undergoing surgery on the wounded heel ten days earlier.
In December 1986, Ashe and Moutoussamy adopted a daughter. She was named Camera after her mother's profession.
Health issues
In July 1979, Ashe suffered a heart attack while holding a tennis clinic in New York. Given her high level of fitness as an athlete, her condition draws attention to aspects of hereditary heart disease; Ashe's mother already had cardiovascular disease at the time of her death, aged 27 years, and her father suffered the first heart attack, aged 55 years, and the second, aged 59, just a week before Ashe's own attack. Cardiac catheterization reveals one of Ashe's arteries is completely closed, the other 95 percent closed, and one-third closes 50 percent in two places. Ashe had four-fold bypass surgery, which Dr. John Hutchinson on December 13, 1979. A few months after the operation, Ashe was on the verge of making his return to professional tennis. However, during a family trip in Cairo, Egypt, he experienced chest pain while running. Ashe stopped running and went back to see a doctor accompanied by his close friend, Douglas Stein. Stein urges Ashe to return to New York City so he can be close to cardiologists, surgeons, and top-class medical facilities. In 1983, Ashe underwent a second round heart surgery to repair the previous bypass surgery. After the operation, Ashe became head of the national campaign for the American Heart Association.
In September 1988, Ashe was hospitalized after a paralysis in her right arm. After undergoing brain exploration surgery and a number of tests, doctors found that Ashe has toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease commonly found in people infected with HIV. Subsequent tests later revealed that Ashe was HIV positive. Ashe and his doctors believe he contracted the virus from the blood transfusions he received during a second heart surgery. He and his wife decided to keep the illness personally for their daughter, who was two years old at the time.
In 1992, an Ashe friend who worked for USA Today heard that he was ill and summoned Ashe to confirm his story. Ashe decided to go ahead of USA Today ' who planned to publish a story about his illness and, on April 8, 1992, announced that he had HIV. Ashe blamed USA Today for forcing him to announce the news but also stated that he was relieved that he no longer had to lie about his illness. After the announcement, hundreds of readers called or wrote to USA Today criticizing their choice to run a story about Ashe's disease which then forced Ashe to publicize his illness.
After Ashe went public with his illness, he founded the Arthur Ashe Foundation for the Defeat of AIDS, working to raise awareness about the virus and advocate teaching safe sex and sex education. He also asks questions about his own diagnosis and seeks to clear up the misconception that only homosexuals or IV drug users are at risk of contracting AIDS. In September 1992, Ashe suffered a mild heart attack. In a speech to the United Nations General Assembly on World AIDS Day, December 1, 1992, he discussed the growing need for awareness of AIDS and increased research funding by saying "We want to be able to look back and tell everyone we do what we have to do, when we have to do it, and with all the resources it needs. "
Two months before his death, he founded the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health to help address inadequate health care issues and was named Sportsman of the Year Sports Illustrated magazine. He also spent many years in his life writing his memoirs of Days of Grace, completing the manuscript less than a week before his death.
Death
On February 6, 1993, Ashe died of AIDS-related pneumonia at New York Hospital at age 49. His funeral was held at Arthur Ashe Athletic Center in Richmond, Virginia, on February 10. Then-then-governor Douglas Wilder, who is Ashe's friend, allowed his body to lie at the Governor's Palace in Richmond. More than 5,000 people lined up to walk past the coffin. Andrew Young, who had served for Ashe's marriage in 1977, presided over his funeral. More than 6,000 mourners attended. Ashe requested that he be buried with his mother, Mattie, who died in 1950, at Woodland Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.
On February 12, 1993, a memorial service for Ashe was held at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan. In Richmond, Virginia, where his sculpture by sculptor Paul DiPasquale is on Monument Avenue, his legacy is alive.
Grand Slam singles tournament single
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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