forklifts (also called pickup trucks , fork trucks , fork hoist , and forklift trucks ) is a powered industrial truck that is used to lift and move material at short distances. The forklift was developed in the early 20th century by various companies, including Clark, who made the transmissions, and Yale & amp; Towne Manufacturing, which makes hoists. Since World War II, the use and development of forklift trucks has spread across the globe. Forklifts have become an integral part of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing. In 2013, the top 20 manufacturers in the world posted sales of $ 30.4 billion, with 944,405 machines sold.
Video Forklift
History
The nineteenth century of the early 20th century saw the development that led to modern forklifts today. The forerunner of a modern forklift is a manual-powered hoist used for lifting weights. In 1906, Pennsylvania Railroad introduced a battery-powered platform truck to move luggage at Altoona, Pennsylvania railway station. World War I saw the development of various types of material handling equipment in the UK by Ransomes, Sims & amp; Jefferies of Ipswich. This is partly due to the labor shortage caused by the war. In 1917, Clark in the United States began to develop and use powered tractors and powered lift tractors in their factories. In 1919, the Towmotor Company, and Yale & amp; Towne Manufacturing in 1920, entered the lift truck market in the United States. The continuous development and expansion of forklift use continued into the 1920s and 1930s. The introduction of hydraulic power and the development of the first electric forklift, along with the use of a standard palette in the late 1930s, helped increase the popularity of forklift trucks.
The beginning of World War II, like World War I before, encouraged the use of forklift trucks in the war effort. After the war, more efficient methods for storing products in warehouses are being implemented. The warehouse requires more maneuverable forklift trucks that can reach higher altitudes and newly created forklift models that meet this need. For example, in 1954, a British company called Lansing Bagnall, now part of the KION Group, developed what it claimed to be the first narrow electric truck reach. The development of changing the warehouse design leads to a narrower alley and a higher load buildup that improves storage capabilities. During the 1950s and 1960s, operator safety was a concern due to increased lift height and capacity. Safety features such as carriage loads and carrier enclosures, called overhead guards, are being added to forklifts produced in this era. In the late 1980s, ergonomic designs began to be incorporated in new forklift designs to improve operator comfort, reduce injury, and increase productivity. During the 1990s, exhaust emissions from forklift operations began to be addressed which led to emission standards being applied to forklift manufacturers in various countries. The introduction of AC power forklift, along with fuel cell technology, is also a refinement in the development of sustainable forklifts.
Maps Forklift
General operations
The forklift is rated for the load with the specified maximum weight and the forward center of gravity specified. This information is located on the nameplate provided by the manufacturer, and the payload should not exceed this specification. In many jurisdictions, it is illegal to alter or remove the nameplate without permission from the forklift manufacturer.
An important aspect of forklift operation is that it must have rear steering. While this improves maneuverability in tight cornering situations, this is different from the traditional experience of drivers with other wheeled vehicles. While driving, as there is no caster action, there is no need to apply steering force to maintain a constant bend rate.
Another important characteristic of the forklift is its instability. Forklifts and loads should be regarded as units with an ever-changing center of gravity with each load movement. Forklifts should not negotiate rounds with increasing speed, where centrifugal force and gravity can combine resulting in a catastrophic tip-over accident. Forklifts are designed with load limits for forks that decrease with fork elevation and load undercutting (ie when the load does not intersect with the "L" fork). A loading plate for reference loading is usually located in the forklift. Forklifts should not be used as elevator personnel without special safety equipment, such as "cherry picker" or "cage".
Forklifts are an important element of warehouses and distribution centers. It is important that these structures are designed to accommodate their efficient and safe movements. In the case of Drive-In/Drive-Thru Racking, the forklift needs to travel inside a storage area that has many positions palette deep into place or pick up a palette. Often, the forklift driver is guided into the bay through a guiding rail on the floor and a palette is placed on the arm or cantilever rail. These maneuvers require well-trained operators. Because each pallet requires trucks to enter the storage structure, damage is more common than with other storage types. In designing a drive-in system, the dimensions of the fork truck, including the overall width and width of the mast, should be considered carefully.
Forklift control and capability
Hydraulic forklifts are controlled either by direct lever manipulating hydraulic valves or by electrically controlled actuators, using smaller "finger levers" for control. The latter allows forklift designers to be more free in ergonomic design.
Forklift trucks are available in various variations and load capacity. In typical warehouse settings most forklifts have a payload capacity of one to five tons. Larger engines, lift capacity up to 50 tonnes, are used to lift heavier loads, including shipping containers loaded.
In addition to the controls to raise and lower the fork (also known as a knife or tines), the operator can tilt the pole to compensate for the tendency of the load to direct the blade to the ground and the risk of slipping off the fork. Tilt also provides limited ability to operate on non-level ground. Skilled forklift operators every year compete in constraints and timing challenges in the regional forklift rodeo.
Type of design
At the other end of the spectrum of off-road forklift trucks is a special 'high end' truck:
- Counterboard truck articulated
This is, unlike most lifter trucks, front wheel drive and is a hybrid VNA truck (very narrow aisle) designed to be able to remove the trailer and place the load in a narrow alley. The more these trucks are able to compete in terms of pallet storage density, elevator elevation and pallet throughput with very narrow aisle-guarded trucks, while also being able to load trucks, which the VNA units can not afford to do.
- Guided by a very narrow aisle truck
It is guided by a rail or wire and is available with a lift height of up to 40 feet with no ties at the top and 98 feet tied up. Two forms are available: 'man-down' and 'man-riser', in which the operator lifts with loads to increase visibility or to retrieve multilevel 'bulk' order orders. This type of truck, unlike an articulated narrow alley truck, requires a high standard of flooring.
- Omnidirectional Truck
Omnidirectional technology (such as the Mecanum wheel) can allow forklift trucks to move forward, diagonally and laterally, or to any direction on the surface. The omnidirectional wheel system is capable of turning a 360 degree truck on its own tread or sideways to the side without turning the truck cabin. One example is Airtrax Sidewinder. This forklift truck also appears in a TV series called 'Mythbusters'.
- UL 558 truck with security rating
In North America, several internal combustion-powered industrial vehicles carry the Underwriters Laboratories rating that is part of the UL 558. Industrial trucks considered "safe" carry GS (Gasoline Safety) designation for gasoline-powered, DS (Diesel Security) for diesel-powered, LPS ( Liquid Propane Safety) for liquified propane or GS/LPS for propane gasoline/liquide-powered dual trucks.
UL 558 is a two-stage Safety Standard. The basic standards, namely G, D, LP, and G/LP are what the Underwriter's Laboratories considers to be the minimum required for lift trucks. This is a voluntary standard, and there is no requirement in North America at least by any Government Agency for manufacturers to meet this standard.
The slightly more stringent GS, DS, LPS, and GP/LPS standards, or the Safety standard provide minimal, but very minimal protection. The Underwriter Laboratory previously offered EX and DX special security certifications. If you need a higher level of protection, you should contact the local Office of the Translator Laboratory and check what safety standards are right for your workplace.
UL 583 is the electric equivalent of UL 558. Like UL 558 it is a two stage standard.
- Explosive proof truck "EX RATED"
This is for potentially explosive atmospheric surgery found in chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, logistics or other industries that handle flammable materials. Commonly referred to as Pyroban trucks in Europe, they must meet the requirements of the ATEX 94/9/EC Directive if used in Zone 1, 2, 21 or 22 areas and are well maintained.
- US. Military 10K-AT "Adverse Terrain"
Automatic forklift truck
To reduce wages, reduce operational costs and increase productivity, automatic forklifts have also been developed. Automatic forklifts are also called auto-branched automatic guided vehicles and are readily available from more and more suppliers.
Compensated forklift component
A typical counterbalanced forklift contains the following components:
- Truck template - is the base of heavy equipment used for poles, axles, wheels, balancers, overhead protectors and resources. The frame may have a liquid tank and a hydraulic fluid made as part of a skeleton assembly.
- Balancer - is the mass attached to the rear of the forklift truck frame. The purpose of the counterweight is to offset the load being lifted. In electric forklifts, large batteries can function as part of a counterweight.
- Cabins - is an area that contains seats for operators along with control pedals, steering wheels, levers, switches, and dashboards that contain operator readings. The cabin area can be either open or closed air but covered by an upper courier unit such as a cage. When closed, the cabin can also be equipped with cabin heaters for cold climatic countries along with fans or air conditioners for hot weather.
- Overhead Guard - is a metal roof backed by a post in every corner of the cab that helps protect the operator from falling objects. In some forklifts, the overhead guard is an integrated part of the frame assembly.
- Resources - may consist of internal combustion engines that can be activated by LP gas, CNG, gasoline or diesel. Electric forklifts are powered by batteries or fuel cells that provide power to the electric motor. For warehouses and other indoor applications, electric forklifts have the advantage of not producing carbon monoxide.
- Tilt cylinder - is a hydraulic cylinder mounted to the truck and pole frame. The tilted cylinder rotates the pole back or forwards to assist in pulling the load.
- Pole - is a vertical assembly that does the work of raising and lowering the load. It consists of interlocking rails which also provide lateral stability. Locked rails may have rollers or bushing as a guide. The pole is driven hydraulically, and is operated by one or more hydraulic cylinders directly or using a chain of cylinders/s. These can be mounted to the front axle or forklift frame. Variations of 'container piles' allow forks to raise a few meters without increasing the total height of the forklift. This is useful when loading dual palettes into containers or below the mezzanine floor.
- Freight - is a component through which a fork or other attachment is passed. It is plugged in and moves up and down the pole rails by means of chains or by directly attaching to the hydraulic cylinder. Like a ship's mast, the train may have a roller or bushing to guide it on the interlocking pole rails.
- Load a backrest - is an extension like a rack that is welded or welded to a carriage to prevent loading from shifting when the train is lifted to full height.
- Attachments - may consist of mechanisms attached to the train, either permanently or temporarily, to assist in proper load engagement. Various material handling attachments are available. Some attachments include sideshifter, slipsheet attachment, carton clamp, multipurpose clamp, rotator, fork positioner, carpet pole, pole handle, container handling, and roll clamp.
- Tires - solid for indoor use, or pneumatics for external use.
Attachments
Below is a list of common forklift attachments:
- Device dimensions -fork truck-mounted dimensioning systems provide dimensions for cargo to facilitate truck trailer utilization and to support warehouse automation systems. Systems usually communicate dimensions through 802.11 radio. NTEP certified measurement tools are available to support commercial activities that charge by volume.
- Sideshifter - is a hydraulic attachment that allows the operator to move tines (forks) and backs laterally. This allows easier placement of loads without having to reposition the truck.
- Rotator - To help with the possible reduction in handling and other special material handling requires several forklifts equipped with attachments that allow the tines to rotate. This type of attachment can also be used to spill containers for quick disassembly.
- Fork positioner - is a hydraulic attachment that moves tines (forks) together or apart. This eliminates the operator's need to adjust tines manually for different load sizes.
- Rolls and barrels jams - Mechanical or hydraulic attachments used to push items to be moved. This is used to handle barrels, barrels, or paper rolls. This type of attachment may also have a rotate function. Rotate functions will help the operator to insert the paper stored vertically into the horizontal intake of the printing machine for example.
- Pole connection - In some locations, such as carpet warehouses, long metal poles are used instead of forks to lift carpet rolls. A similar device, although much larger, is used to pick up metal reels.
- Multipurpose clamps and clamps - is a hydraulic attachment that allows the operator to open and close the load, squeeze it to pick it up. Products like cartons, boxes, and bales can be moved with this type of attachment. With this attachment in use, forklift trucks are sometimes referred to as truck clamps.
- Slip sheets (pull) - is a hydraulic attachment that reaches forward, clamps onto the slip sheet and pulls the slip sheet onto a wide and thin metal fork for transport. The attachment will push the slip sheet and load the fork for placement.
- Drum Bonding Stickers - are mechanical attachments that slide into the tines (forks). It usually has a spring jaw that grips the edge of the upper lip of the drum for transportation. Another type takes around the drum in a manner similar to the attachment of a roll or barrel.
- Male basket - a lift platform that slides into tines (forks) and is meant to lift workers. The men's basket has a fence to keep people from falling and brackets to attach a safety rope. Also, a rope or chain is used to attach a male basket to the forklift haul.
- Telescopic fork - is a hydraulic attachment that allows operators to operate in a warehouse design for "double-in deposition", meaning that two pallet racks are placed behind each other without a passage between them.
- Weighing -The truck-mounted genset allows operators to weigh the pallets efficiently they handle without disrupting their workflow by traveling to platform scale. Scales are available that provide legal-to-trade weight for operations that involve heavy billing. They are easily fitted to the truck by being hung on the train in the same way as forks hanging on a truck.
- single-pronged fork - is a closed fork that allows movement of a single pallet or platform but when separated, turns into a set of double forks that allows bringing two pallets side by side. The fork controls may have to replace the side-shifter on some lift trucks.
- Snow plow - is a mechanical attachment that allows forklift operators to move snow easily and quickly. Snow plows can often also be used at other times of the year as an annex to clean the workplace.
- Skips - is a mechanical attachment only mounted on your forklift to allow safe and quick disposal of waste into the appropriate waste jump or compactor. There are two types of jumps: the type of glide forward and the bottom emptying type.
Any attachment to the forklift will reduce its nominal charge rating, which is calculated by cork and stock forks. The actual payload rating may be much lower.
Replace or add attachments
You can replace an existing attachment or add it to an elevator that does not already have one. Considerations include the type of forklift, capacity, type of train, and number of hydraulic functions (which gives strength to attachment features). As mentioned in the previous section, replacing or adding attachments can reduce (lower speed) the safe lifting capacity of forklift trucks (see also General operation, below).
Manufacturers of forklift attachments offer online calculators to estimate secure lift capacity when using a particular attachment. However, only forklift truck manufacturers can provide an accurate lift capacity. Before posting attachments, contact your authorized dealer for your forklift brand and ask them to start reassessing your host power according to the attachment you want to install. Once reassessed, the forklift must have a new official factory specification plate, to replace the original plate, mounted which indicates a new rank for the elevator.
In the context of mounting, the hydraulic function consists of a valve at the forklift with a lever near the operator providing two parts of the pressurized hydraulic oil to ignite the attachment features. Sometimes attachments have more features than your forklift has a hydraulic function and one or more needs to be added. There are many ways to add a hydraulic function (also known as adding a valve). Forklift manufacturers make valves and mounting hose accessories, but parts and labor to install them can be very expensive. Other ways include adding solenoid valves in conjunction with a hose or cable reel that diverts the flow of oil from an existing function. However, hoses and cable reels can block the operator's view and are problematic, easily damaged. Ditto Valve Kit uses solenoid valves and special HydWire hoses, in which the wire reinforces the fabric as a power line. These hoses replace existing ones in forklifts, nest in the original reeving, keep them safe from damage and out of the operator's field of view.
Raise the truck association and organization
There are many national and continental associations associated with the industry trucking industry. Some major organizations are listed as:
- Industrial Truck Association (ITA) (North America)
- The Association of Material Handling Distributors (MHEDA) (North America)
- FÃÆ' Â © dÃÆ' Â © ration EuropÃÆ' Â © enne de la Manutention - European Federation of Material Handling (FEM)
- Fork Lift Truck Association (FLTA) (UK)
- The British Truck Industry Association (BITA)
- Japan Industrial Vehicle Association (JIVA)
- Korea Construction Equipment Manufacturers Association (KOCEMA)
There are many important contacts between these organizations and they have established a combined statistical and engineering program. One of its programs is World Industrial Trucks Statistics (WITS) which is issued monthly to association membership. Statistics are separated by area (continent), state and machine class. Although statistics are generic and do not count production from most of the smaller manufacturers, the information is critical to its depth. These contacts have led to a common definition of Class System that all major manufacturers adhere to.
Forklift security
Standard
Safety forklifts are subject to various standards around the world. The most important standard is ANSI B56 - whose stewardship has now been ratified from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to the Industrial Truck Standards Development Foundation after multi-year negotiations. ITSDF is a non-profit organization whose main purpose is the enactment and modernization of B56 standards.
Other forklift safety standards have been applied in the United States by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and in the UK by the Health and Safety Executive.
Driver security
In many countries, forklift truck operators must be trained and certified to operate forklift trucks. Certification may be required for each host class to be used by the carrier.
Forklift training has many names, such as forklift license or forklift certification. Regardless of the term used, training must comply with federal or national standards.
Healthcare providers should not recommend that workers who drive or use heavy equipment such as forklifts treat chronic or acute pain with opioids. Workplaces that manage workers who perform safety-sensitive operations should assign workers to less sensitive tasks as long as the workers are treated by their physicians with opioids.
Forklift training in the United States
In the United States, forklift training at work is regulated federally by the OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration. In 1999, OSHA updated the 29 CFR 1910.178 regulation governing "Industrial Power Trucks" (the term OSHA uses to include forklifts between other types of industrial vehicles.) The main components of this rule relate to the training of forklift operators. This standard requires entrepreneurs to develop and implement training programs based on general principles of safe truck operations, types of vehicles used in the workplace, workplace hazards created by vehicle use (s), and general security requirements of OSHA standards. OSHA believes that trained operators must know how to do the job properly and do it safely as indicated by workplace evaluation. Formal training (lectures, videos, etc.) and practical (demonstrations and practical exercises) should be provided. Employers should also state that each operator has received training and evaluates each operator at least once every three years. Before operating a truck at work, the company must evaluate the performance of the operator and determine the operator to be competent to operate the powered industrial truck safely. Refresher training is required whenever the operator shows a shortcoming in safe truck operations.
Forklift training in the United Kingdom
In the UK, the Employment Equipment Terms and Conditions states that forklift truck operators should be adequately trained, the general standards of the training and good operating practices are found in the HSE 117 Practice Code (Third edition) issued in 2013. Third-party organizations have developed standards Deforma 'best practice' for forklift training, commonly referred to in the UK as a 'forklift license', is no longer recognized as training evidence as defined in COP 117 (third edition) and as such training is not such legal requirements are generally believed. However, organized training helps demonstrate that employers have taken steps to ensure 'duty of care' in the event of an unfortunate accident.
In the UK, forklift training is carried out by a number of different voluntary standards training organizations, They can be directly recognized by HSE who has established a new organization known as "Accreditation of Working Body Work Association 2012". In all cases a qualified forklift instructor should be registered with at least one of the voluntary training organizations. Although RTITB operators are registered on a database that must be a 3 year basis, the amount of time specified between refresher courses is charged to the H & S, insurance company or company policy. H & amp; S (Workplace Transport Safety HSG136) recommends retraining/testing every 3 to 5 years.
Forklift instructors across the UK tend to operate either as small independent training companies or as part of larger training providers. Training is delivered in one of two ways; on-site (sometimes referred to as in-house training) where the training is delivered to the client's premises using their own equipment, or offsite (public courses) at the training center. The training center offers an opportunity for the unemployed with little or no forklift operation experience to obtain a certificate of competence and increase their employment opportunities. Training certification standards in schools tend to follow closely the standards required by their respective Training Standards Accreditation Board to become their affiliates. It is not unusual for schools to be enrolled with one or more bodies at a time.
The British Truck Industry Association (BITA) categorizes different types of forklift trucks into groups and sets unique identifiers for each classification. Known as 'BITA List' has been accepted as a standard in the UK. The forklift training certificate displays the appropriate BITA classification to clearly identify the certification limits.
Training of forklifts in Australia
Prior to 2011 all Australian Countries and Territories independently regulate occupational health and safety in the state, including forklift licenses.
While the Occupational Health and Safety law of different states is based on the same basic principles there is a difference between the various jurisdictions in detail and the application of the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
In 2008, the Intergovernmental Agreement on Regulatory and Operational Reform in Health and Safety was established between the Commonwealth of Australia and six Australian states and territories to formalize the cooperation between these jurisdictions on the harmonization of Occupational Safety and Health legislation.
As a result, the National Model Health and Safety Law (WHS) came into force after a review of health and safety laws throughout Australia, reviewed including significant public consultations. This action was completed in June 2011.
This action establishes a framework for each jurisdiction to enact a supporting law, as each jurisdiction is assigned to administer the State and Territory Safety and Health Act, including licensing issues that come under the law.
Each state and territory status license in its own jurisdiction, including what is known as a "high-risk work permit" for high-risk jobs. Forklift licenses are classified as "high risk work permits".
To obtain a forklift license in any State or Territory the applicant must take a training course with an approved training organization and then, upon completion of the course, apply to the appropriate State or Territory for a forklift license. The competency unit is known as the National High Risk License Unit of TLILIC2001 Competency - License to Operate the Forklift Truck, or in the case of LO license of Competency Unit TLILIC2002 - License to Operate Pickup Picking Orders. There are fees charged that vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Forklift licenses issued in one jurisdiction are recognized at all. Cancellation of licenses in one jurisdiction is also recognized at all.
Training of forklifts in New Zealand
Forklift operator training is divided into two types:
- Operator certificate (previous OSH certificate)
- F support
Operator certificates are based on the Approved Code of Practice for Training Operators and Trucking Instructors of Power-Driving Industries ('ACOP') published in 1995 by the Department of Labor. This gives the operator permission to operate the forklifts in enclosed spaces (ie spaces that are not considered 'roads'). Support F is an additional qualification that allows operators to use forklifts on public roads. Operators with carrier certificates are not required to have a car driver's license, but to hold F, the operator must hold a 1st class driver license (car) for forklifts up to 18000kg or 2nd class driver license (heavy vehicle) for forklifts over 18000kg as endorsement printed on licence.
ACOP is a set of best practices, guidelines, and recommendations to train forklift operators. However, training should be tailored to the specific needs of operators and the attachments they use, as required by the Health and Safety Act 2015.
Training consists of theoretical sessions delivered live or online followed by a brief practical valuation of 15-20 minutes. If the ACOP guidelines are followed it consists of a pallet of stacking and destacking at low, medium and high levels, as well as driving forward and vice versa around the coned-of-eight number while carrying the load.
Standard unit
Standard units are available for forklift training but are not required. The main unit standard is US10851.
Attachment
Special ACOP offer with forklift operator uses only standard fork. Forklift attachments, such as barrel clamps, fork extensions, rotators, and cage personnel are covered in a separate unit standard (US10852). Not required to achieve unit standards; a company may only inaugurate the operator on the attachment used.
Security Products
A number of solutions can be found on the market today to reduce the hazards of work caused by forklifts. Pedestrian Detection System
Pedestrian Detection System
It is a proximity sensor that detects objects and pedestrians from several centimeters up to several meters. The sensor makes the difference between a person and an object and notifies the driver without a useless alarm. Based on stereovision, an algorithm analyzes in real time if someone is in the blind zone of the forklift.
Ultrasound Radar
Ultrasonic sensors are proximity sensors that detect objects at distances ranging from a few centimeters to several meters. The sensor beeps and measures the time it takes for the signal to return. It does not distinguish between people and things. Any constraints located behind the truck will be detected. Typically, this type of sensor is only used for detection in the rear area.
RF System
This is a solution that warns the forklift driver of those found around him. Pedestrians must carry radio frequency devices (electronic tags) that, transmit a signal when a truck detects them, notifies the driver of a possible risk of an accident. It detects both in front and behind and it distinguishes between people and barriers commonly found in warehouses. For this reason, drivers are only warned when there are pedestrians near the truck. There are different solutions on the market:
- Pedestrian Alert System PAS
Worldwide factory ratings
Every year Modern Materials publishes Top 20 Global Rankings of Forklift Manufacturers with sales in dollars. A copy of the modified report below in a table that can be sorted.
See also
- Electrocar
- Klaus Forklift Driver - First Day at Work
- Hydrogen vehicle
- Non-path machine
- Pallet
- Palette socket
- Slip sheet
References
External links
- Prevent Injuries and Deaths of Workers Who Work or Work Near Forklifts, warnings from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- Safety and Health Topics: Supported Industrial Trucks, from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
- Forklift LPG Cylinder Mounting, proper cylinder installation and safety of LPG forklift cylinder.
- In Queensland, Australia, when applying for a forklift license, follow these steps.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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