Bone pain (also known medically by some other names) is a pain that comes from bone. This occurs as a result of various illnesses and/or physical conditions and can greatly impair the quality of life for patients who experience it. Bone pain is included in the class of deep somatic pain, often experienced as a dull pain that can not be accurately localized by the patient. This is in contrast to the pain mediated by superficial receptors in, for example, the skin. Bone pain can have several possible causes ranging from extensive physical stress to serious illnesses such as cancer. Over the years it has been known that bones are innervated with sensory neurons. Yet their exact anatomy remains unclear because of the contrasting physical properties of bone and nerve tissue. Recently, it became clear what type of nerves to supply to which part of the bone. The periosteal layer of bone tissue is very sensitive to pain and is an important cause of pain in some disease conditions that cause bone pain, such as fractures, osteoarthritis, etc. However, in certain diseases endosteal nerve supply and haversia appear to play an important role, for example in osteomalacia, osteonecrosis, and other bone diseases. So there are several types of bone pain, each with many potential sources or the origin of the cause.
Video Bone pain
Cause
From the point of view of health care, it is important to know what diseases affect the person so that appropriate treatment can be given. A number of diseases can cause bone pain, including the following:
- Endocrine, such as hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, kidney failure.
- Gastrointestinal or systemic, such as celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (both of which often occur without clear indigestion), inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).
- Hematology, such as Cushing's syndrome, histiocytosis, multiple myeloma and sickle cell anemia.
- Contagious, such as Lyme disease and osteomyelitis.
- Neurologic, such as spinal cord injury and vertebral degeneration.
- Oncologists, such as bone metastases and leukemia.
- Rheumatic, such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout.
- Others, such as fractures, osteoarthritis, Paget's bone disease (also called osteitis deformans or ambiguously, only Paget's disease).
Cancer
Pain caused by cancer in the bone is one of the most serious forms of pain. Because of its severity and uniqueness with respect to other forms of pain, it is widely studied. According to bone cancer research on mouse femur models, it has been determined that bone pain associated with cancer occurs as a result of the destruction of bone tissue. The chemical changes that occur in the spinal cord as a result of bone destruction provide further insight into the mechanism of bone pain.
Metastatic cancer cells often form within the framework. When cancer cells have metastasized, the mechanical dynamics of the bone matrix become weaker as the skeletal force decreases. This causes several other complications throughout the body including pain, thereby decreasing the patient's quality of life.
Bone tumors consist of cell type conglomerates including cancer and immune system cells. Often tumor cells secrete growth factors that activate receptors that are close to the primary afferent neurons. Activation of these neural receptors is a contributing factor to the pain sensation. In addition, inflammatory lipids called prostaglandins, which are produced at high levels by cancer cells in tumors, activate nociceptors when they bind together.
Maps Bone pain
Pathophysiology
Specific stimulation of nerve fibers (nociceptors) that invade bone tissue leads to the sensation of bone pain. Bone pain comes from the periosteum and the bone marrow carrying a nociceptive signal to the brain that creates a pain sensation. Bone tissue is innervated by the myelinated nerve (A beta and A delta fiber) and unmyelinated sensory neurons (C fibre). In combination, they can provide an initial burst of pain, initiated by faster myelin fibers, followed by a slower, longer-lasting dull pain initiated by nonelelin fibers.
Nosiseptor responsible for bone pain can be activated through several mechanisms including damage to surrounding tissue, bone damage, and physical stress that cuts off bones, blood vessels, muscles, and nerve tissue.
Children
Cause
- Acute leukemia.
- Acute rheumatic fever, a very dangerous disease that can cause permanent heart damage.
- Untreated celiac disease, which can appear without gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Fibromyalgia, which attacks people of all ages.
- Growing up in pain.
- Hypermobility syndrome may present with knee or ankle pain.
- Lupus.
- Henoch-SchÃÆ'¶nlein purpura.
- fibrous bone dysplasia.
- Infection.
- Injuries such as broken bones.
- Inflammatory bowel disease.
- Adolescent idiopathic arthritis.
- Lyme disease, which is transmitted by ticks and characterized by polyarthritis debilatasi, neurological symptoms, and migrans erythema.
- Lymphoma.
- Osteomalacia/rickets in adolescents.
- Osteosarcoma.
- Rickets.
- Septic arthritis, a severe infection of the joint that can cause permanent joint damage.
- Spondyloarthropathies.
- Virus diseases, including measles, influenza, mononucleosis, chickenpox, and mumps.
Common causes of bone and joint pain in adults, such as osteoarthritis and gout arthritis are rare in children, as the disease is a sequel to chronic wear and tear for several years.
Treatment
The use of actual bone anesthesia has been a common treatment for several years. This method provides a direct approach to using analgesics to relieve pain sensations.
Another common method used to treat bone pain is radiotherapy, which can be safely administered in low doses. Radiotherapy uses radioactive isotopes and other atomic particles to damage DNA inside cells, causing cell death. By targeting cancerous tumors, radiotherapy can lead to decreased tumor size and even tumor damage. A form of radiotherapy that is often used in cases of bone cancer is the therapy of systemic radioisotopes, in which radioisotopes target bone parts that specifically undergo metastasis.
In the case of fractures, surgical treatment is generally most effective. Analgesics can be used in conjunction with surgery to help relieve the pain of damaged bones.
Research
Mouse and other animal models are widely used to determine the density of bone neuron tissue and mechanisms for the maintenance of bone pain. This information is relevant to determine the biological and physiological components of bone pain. By making detailed maps related to nerve types passing through different parts of the bone, it is possible to place points in the bone at higher risk for susceptibility to bone pain.
Treatments that focus on biological components such as cannabinoid receptors are being tested for their effectiveness. Through testing on the mouse model, it has been shown that activation of CB-1 receptors helps reduce the reactions associated with acute pain, suggesting that it relieves bone pain. Thus, a new target for potential care is the activation of CB-1 receptors.
Modern research and techniques strive to provide more durable and more effective methods of treating bone pain by developing and applying new physiological knowledge of neural networks within the bone. If deep understanding of pain-related intra-nerve mechanisms can be developed, then new and more effective treatment options can be made and tested. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that dictate bone pain.
Name
Bone pain is also known by the following names:
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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